Pseudoscience and speculators. Perpetual motion machine
Perpetuum mobile (lat. Perpetuum Mobile) - an imaginary device that allows you to get useful work more than the amount of energy communicated to him.
The self-moving wheel of the German inventor Orfireus rotated for two months in a sealed room, the doors of which were guarded by the grenadiers. During demonstrations, it not only rotated at a speed of 50 revolutions per minute, but also lifted loads to 16 kg. In 1725, Peter I was going to Germany to personally inspect the perpetual motion machine, which the inventor Orfireus agreed to sell to Russia for 100,000 efimki (1 efimok — about a ruble).
In 1775, the Paris Academy of Sciences made its famous decision.not to consider the projects of the perpetual motion machine due to the obvious impossibility of their creation. But still at scientific conferences in Russia and other countries, ideas about extracting energy from vacuum , pulsating fields (which exclude some of the negative work in a closed loop), energy transformations with changes in the internal structure of space-time, about the so-called " free energy. "
Some scientists manage to obtain patents for particularly abstruse inventions where the patent bureau is unable to immediately recognize the perpetual motion machine. Moreover, the great scientists of the past, including Robert Boyle and Johann Bernoulli, offered their own perpetual motion designs. Many years devoted to the invention of the perpetual motion machine of Leonardo da Vinci.
The perpetual motion machine of Bhaskara, 1150 g.
The first mention in the historical literature of a particular perpetual motion device refers to the year 1150. The Indian poet, mathematician and astronomer Bhaskara in his poem describes a kind of wheel with long, narrow vessels half-filled with mercury attached obliquely around the rim. The principle of operation of this first mechanical “perpetuum mobile” is based on the difference in the moments of gravity forces created by the fluid moving in the vessels placed on the circumference of the wheel. As the author himself describes, "a wheel filled with liquid in this way, being mounted on an axis lying on two fixed supports, continuously rotates by itself."
Rotating wheel was often used in ancient perpetual motion machines. In a sense, the “perpetual motion of the wheel” even had a religious meaning. Even in the Vedic religion, the wheel symbolized the divine principle. At the very beginning of its development, science began to borrow some religious attributes for its own purposes, putting them into practice in the form of constructive elements of various machines.
Various modifications of the wheel of Bhaskara are found in the literature of the Arab countries in the following centuries. In Europe, the first drawings of perpetual motion machines appear simultaneously with the introduction of Arabic numerals , that is, at the beginning of the 13th century.
A drawing of one of the oldest “perpetuum mobile” projects in Europe (circa 1235) from the album of Villard d'Onnecourt
For some reason, no evidence has been preservedthat European engineers worked on perpetual motion machines in ancient times, that is, in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, although they had enough qualifications and knowledge for such experiments. Probably, at that time there was simply no demand (public order) for an eternal source of energy. The energy problem was successfully solved by an unlimited number of slaves available for use at any time, practically free of charge.
Thus, in Europe, the projects of perpetual motion appeared only after the 12th century. In the Renaissance, European scientists and inventors began to study this topic with a new force. For example, Leonardo da Vinci devoted a significant part of his life to this. He began with the schemes of the "perpetual wheel", known from past centuries, then tried to use the buoyancy of water, the water wheel, the Archimedes screw, with which the ancient Greeks raised the water to irrigate the fields. Naturally, every time Leonardo failed, but he did not give up for a long time. At one of the stages, the inventor made an accurate calculation of the moments of forces for the “perpetual wheel” project and came to the conclusion: “The total moment of forces rotating the wheel in one direction is exactly equal to the total moment of forces rotating the wheel in the other direction”. For its time, it was a serious scientific discovery. Actually, Leonardo da Vinci approached the discovery of the law of conservation of energy. By the way, this law was formulated in 1842 by the German naturalist Julius Robert von Mayer, who, even at the age of 10, tried to design a perpetual motion machine. At the age of 28 years, the scientist published a paper "Notes on the forces of inanimate nature" in the journal "Annals of Chemistry and Pharmacy." In it, he pointed out the equivalence of the work expended and the heat produced, and thus substantiated the first law of thermodynamics.
In the end, Leonardo also acknowledged that a perpetual motion machine cannot exist. In his notes there is a phrase: “I came to the conclusion that the existence of the“ eternal wheel ”is impossible. The search for the source of perpetual motion is one of the most profound delusions of man. ”
Fortunately, in the following centuries, scientists did not heed the conclusion of Leonardo da Vinci. They continued their attempts to invent a perpetual motion machine, sometimes making remarkable scientific discoveries as they searched.
The perpetual motion machine of Johann Bernoulli is, to the point of genius, a simple construction (see figure to the left). In a vessel in which there is a mixture of heavy and light liquids, a tube is lowered. The upper end of the tube is open, and the lower one is closed by a membrane that allows only the lighter fluid from the mixture to pass through the tube. Then, under the influence of the pressure of the heavier mixture, the light liquid in the tube will rise. If you correctly choose the height of the tube, as well as the ratio of the densities of liquids, then the light liquid rises so that it will pour out of the tube. This will lead to an eternal circulation, and "thus, the movement of fluid will be eternal."
Robert Boyle, like his colleague Johann Bernoulli, referred to the water cycle in nature - supposedly a real example of a perpetual motion machine. Bernoulli believed that the water cycle in nature is due to the difference in the densities of salt and fresh water, but Boyle explained it by the action of capillary forces. The liquid rising through the capillary, according to the inventor, should be poured back into the vessel if the capillary is not too long.
As history shows, such attempts by “crazy” inventions really move science forward. This is the "perpetual motion" for science and technological progress. Unsuccessful experiments help to look at the problem differently, better understand the forces of nature and discover new, previously unknown laws of nature.
For example, at the end of the 16th century, the Dutch mathematician and engineer Simon Stevin showed a drawing that could make an impression of a perpetual motion machine on uneducated citizens. In this figure, the two balls to the right do not seem to balance the four balls to the left of the vertex of the triangle. Thus, the chain of balls supposedly must always rotate counterclockwise.
In fact, Simon Stevin found the condition for the balance of bodies on an inclined plane - another scientific discovery.
In other words, scientists began to search for previously unknown laws of nature, including the conditions for the equilibrium of bodies, based on the postulate that the perpetual motion is impossible. Now, looking at the scheme of the next “perpetuum mobile”, the scientist first of all asks the question: what forces did the inventor not take into account in his perpetual motion scheme?
Vacuum power plant N.A. Shesterenko (VESH) on Laval nozzles . For details, see the author's books “ VESH. Generator of vacuum energy "and" VESH and "KNOW-HOW". Getting energy from the physical vacuum. Christ creating "
Inventors are working on new designs of the perpetual motion still. Physics and chemistry have advanced significantly over the past centuries, so the authors of such inventions have much richer “tools” for use. In their designs, they use not only mechanical structures, but also the laws of hydraulics, conduct experiments with magnetism, use chemical reactions, try to apply the laws of quantum mechanics, etc.
Clem Super-Single Engine
For some obsessed inventors, their work becomes a matter of life, a fix idea. These people are convinced that the perpetuum mobile exists and has already been invented several times before, but powerful corporations and governments of countries do not give such inventions a course. The authors of such inventions allegedly often die under mysterious circumstances. In the inflamed logic of inventors, this is easy to explain: after all, creating a perpetual motion engine will forever change the course of human history, completely reverse the existing ideas about science, change the order of things in economics and technology, and deprive the sources of money and power of the powerful.
Magnetic engine
Until now, dozens of applications for perpetual motion designs are submitted to the US Patent Office each year. The authors of modern inventions are sometimes intelligent and talented people who are distinguished by a rich technical imagination and extensive practical experience, but they often lack basic theoretical knowledge in physics.
True, in many modern "inventions", technical ideas proposed in the Middle Ages, and even in the 12-13 centuries, are resurrected in one form or another. For example, perpetual motion machines with a rotating rotor are still very popular. Often used pneumatic mechanisms, perpetual spring motors, hydraulics, chemical reactions, electromagnetic fields.
At first glance, it is even difficult to classify some constructions - whether it is a perpetual motion machine, or indeed a working machine that uses some poorly studied physical processes. Perhaps we can mention the design of the "impossible" engine EmDrive , which creates thrust in a closed loop. He was tested in the laboratory of the Space Center. Lyndon Johnson NASA. Scientific work describing this engine, which seems to violate the law of conservation of momentum, has undergone an independent examination and was published in an authoritative scientific journal, and experiments on Earth have shown that there is real traction.
EmDrive test facility in the laboratory of the Space Center. Lyndon johnson nasa
Working on an incomprehensible principle, the engine produces thrust even in a vacuum, where any thermal convection is excluded. Physicists put forward different explanations for EmDrive. Some say that pairs of photons may appear in the EmDrive resonator that are out of phase with each other. Such couples carry momentum in the opposite direction of the engine. And the interaction of such photons contributes to the emergence of a zero-polarized electromagnetic wave. The impulse transfers such a wave. There is a theory that the EmDrive is a consequence of the appearance of the "quantum vacuum of a virtual plasma" of particles that appear and disappear in a closed contour of space-time.
Hope to find a perpetual motion engine gives inventors tremendous strength and energy to work. The most important thing is to direct this energy in the right direction. Then real scientific and technical discoveries like Leonardo da Vinci, Robert Boyle, Johann Bernoulli, Simon Stevin, Julius Robert von Meier and other "crazy" inventors can become a side effect of their work.
Like the Paris Academy of Sciences, the US Patent Office does not formally grant patents on the "perpetuum mobile". This rule is valid for more than a hundred years. Nevertheless, in the International Patent Classification, sections for hydrodynamic ( section F03B 17/00 ) and electrodynamic ( section H02K 53/00) perpetual motion machines, since the patent offices of many countries consider applications for inventions only from the point of view of their novelty, and not physical feasibility.
Well, if the work on the perpetual motion engine helps to move forward the scientific and technical progress. But with regret we have to admit that in most cases this is not the case. For individual inventors, the perpetuation of an eternal engine is similar to a mental disorder. It is said that this disease often develops according to the standard scenario: first, the “patient” tries to build his own version of the classic “perpetual wheel” - a wheel, one side of which is always heavier than the other thanks to a system of levers, rolling balls, iridescent fluid and so on.
A child’s work on such a mechanism can be a real help in their studies, it helps the student to warm up his interest in physics and the exact sciences. It is important not to cross the fine line, when the belief in the possibility of creating a perpetual motion engine does not pass, but turns into an obsession throughout life.
The self-moving wheel of the German inventor Orfireus rotated for two months in a sealed room, the doors of which were guarded by the grenadiers. During demonstrations, it not only rotated at a speed of 50 revolutions per minute, but also lifted loads to 16 kg. In 1725, Peter I was going to Germany to personally inspect the perpetual motion machine, which the inventor Orfireus agreed to sell to Russia for 100,000 efimki (1 efimok — about a ruble). In 1775, the Paris Academy of Sciences made its famous decision.not to consider the projects of the perpetual motion machine due to the obvious impossibility of their creation. But still at scientific conferences in Russia and other countries, ideas about extracting energy from vacuum , pulsating fields (which exclude some of the negative work in a closed loop), energy transformations with changes in the internal structure of space-time, about the so-called " free energy. "
Some scientists manage to obtain patents for particularly abstruse inventions where the patent bureau is unable to immediately recognize the perpetual motion machine. Moreover, the great scientists of the past, including Robert Boyle and Johann Bernoulli, offered their own perpetual motion designs. Many years devoted to the invention of the perpetual motion machine of Leonardo da Vinci.
The perpetual motion machine of Bhaskara, 1150 g.
The first mention in the historical literature of a particular perpetual motion device refers to the year 1150. The Indian poet, mathematician and astronomer Bhaskara in his poem describes a kind of wheel with long, narrow vessels half-filled with mercury attached obliquely around the rim. The principle of operation of this first mechanical “perpetuum mobile” is based on the difference in the moments of gravity forces created by the fluid moving in the vessels placed on the circumference of the wheel. As the author himself describes, "a wheel filled with liquid in this way, being mounted on an axis lying on two fixed supports, continuously rotates by itself."
Rotating wheel was often used in ancient perpetual motion machines. In a sense, the “perpetual motion of the wheel” even had a religious meaning. Even in the Vedic religion, the wheel symbolized the divine principle. At the very beginning of its development, science began to borrow some religious attributes for its own purposes, putting them into practice in the form of constructive elements of various machines.
Various modifications of the wheel of Bhaskara are found in the literature of the Arab countries in the following centuries. In Europe, the first drawings of perpetual motion machines appear simultaneously with the introduction of Arabic numerals , that is, at the beginning of the 13th century.
A drawing of one of the oldest “perpetuum mobile” projects in Europe (circa 1235) from the album of Villard d'Onnecourt
For some reason, no evidence has been preservedthat European engineers worked on perpetual motion machines in ancient times, that is, in Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, although they had enough qualifications and knowledge for such experiments. Probably, at that time there was simply no demand (public order) for an eternal source of energy. The energy problem was successfully solved by an unlimited number of slaves available for use at any time, practically free of charge.
Thus, in Europe, the projects of perpetual motion appeared only after the 12th century. In the Renaissance, European scientists and inventors began to study this topic with a new force. For example, Leonardo da Vinci devoted a significant part of his life to this. He began with the schemes of the "perpetual wheel", known from past centuries, then tried to use the buoyancy of water, the water wheel, the Archimedes screw, with which the ancient Greeks raised the water to irrigate the fields. Naturally, every time Leonardo failed, but he did not give up for a long time. At one of the stages, the inventor made an accurate calculation of the moments of forces for the “perpetual wheel” project and came to the conclusion: “The total moment of forces rotating the wheel in one direction is exactly equal to the total moment of forces rotating the wheel in the other direction”. For its time, it was a serious scientific discovery. Actually, Leonardo da Vinci approached the discovery of the law of conservation of energy. By the way, this law was formulated in 1842 by the German naturalist Julius Robert von Mayer, who, even at the age of 10, tried to design a perpetual motion machine. At the age of 28 years, the scientist published a paper "Notes on the forces of inanimate nature" in the journal "Annals of Chemistry and Pharmacy." In it, he pointed out the equivalence of the work expended and the heat produced, and thus substantiated the first law of thermodynamics.
In the end, Leonardo also acknowledged that a perpetual motion machine cannot exist. In his notes there is a phrase: “I came to the conclusion that the existence of the“ eternal wheel ”is impossible. The search for the source of perpetual motion is one of the most profound delusions of man. ”
Fortunately, in the following centuries, scientists did not heed the conclusion of Leonardo da Vinci. They continued their attempts to invent a perpetual motion machine, sometimes making remarkable scientific discoveries as they searched.
The perpetual motion machine of Johann Bernoulli is, to the point of genius, a simple construction (see figure to the left). In a vessel in which there is a mixture of heavy and light liquids, a tube is lowered. The upper end of the tube is open, and the lower one is closed by a membrane that allows only the lighter fluid from the mixture to pass through the tube. Then, under the influence of the pressure of the heavier mixture, the light liquid in the tube will rise. If you correctly choose the height of the tube, as well as the ratio of the densities of liquids, then the light liquid rises so that it will pour out of the tube. This will lead to an eternal circulation, and "thus, the movement of fluid will be eternal."Robert Boyle, like his colleague Johann Bernoulli, referred to the water cycle in nature - supposedly a real example of a perpetual motion machine. Bernoulli believed that the water cycle in nature is due to the difference in the densities of salt and fresh water, but Boyle explained it by the action of capillary forces. The liquid rising through the capillary, according to the inventor, should be poured back into the vessel if the capillary is not too long.
As history shows, such attempts by “crazy” inventions really move science forward. This is the "perpetual motion" for science and technological progress. Unsuccessful experiments help to look at the problem differently, better understand the forces of nature and discover new, previously unknown laws of nature.
For example, at the end of the 16th century, the Dutch mathematician and engineer Simon Stevin showed a drawing that could make an impression of a perpetual motion machine on uneducated citizens. In this figure, the two balls to the right do not seem to balance the four balls to the left of the vertex of the triangle. Thus, the chain of balls supposedly must always rotate counterclockwise.
In fact, Simon Stevin found the condition for the balance of bodies on an inclined plane - another scientific discovery.
In other words, scientists began to search for previously unknown laws of nature, including the conditions for the equilibrium of bodies, based on the postulate that the perpetual motion is impossible. Now, looking at the scheme of the next “perpetuum mobile”, the scientist first of all asks the question: what forces did the inventor not take into account in his perpetual motion scheme?
Vacuum power plant N.A. Shesterenko (VESH) on Laval nozzles . For details, see the author's books “ VESH. Generator of vacuum energy "and" VESH and "KNOW-HOW". Getting energy from the physical vacuum. Christ creating "
Inventors are working on new designs of the perpetual motion still. Physics and chemistry have advanced significantly over the past centuries, so the authors of such inventions have much richer “tools” for use. In their designs, they use not only mechanical structures, but also the laws of hydraulics, conduct experiments with magnetism, use chemical reactions, try to apply the laws of quantum mechanics, etc.
Clem Super-Single Engine
For some obsessed inventors, their work becomes a matter of life, a fix idea. These people are convinced that the perpetuum mobile exists and has already been invented several times before, but powerful corporations and governments of countries do not give such inventions a course. The authors of such inventions allegedly often die under mysterious circumstances. In the inflamed logic of inventors, this is easy to explain: after all, creating a perpetual motion engine will forever change the course of human history, completely reverse the existing ideas about science, change the order of things in economics and technology, and deprive the sources of money and power of the powerful.
Magnetic engine
Until now, dozens of applications for perpetual motion designs are submitted to the US Patent Office each year. The authors of modern inventions are sometimes intelligent and talented people who are distinguished by a rich technical imagination and extensive practical experience, but they often lack basic theoretical knowledge in physics.
True, in many modern "inventions", technical ideas proposed in the Middle Ages, and even in the 12-13 centuries, are resurrected in one form or another. For example, perpetual motion machines with a rotating rotor are still very popular. Often used pneumatic mechanisms, perpetual spring motors, hydraulics, chemical reactions, electromagnetic fields.
At first glance, it is even difficult to classify some constructions - whether it is a perpetual motion machine, or indeed a working machine that uses some poorly studied physical processes. Perhaps we can mention the design of the "impossible" engine EmDrive , which creates thrust in a closed loop. He was tested in the laboratory of the Space Center. Lyndon Johnson NASA. Scientific work describing this engine, which seems to violate the law of conservation of momentum, has undergone an independent examination and was published in an authoritative scientific journal, and experiments on Earth have shown that there is real traction.
EmDrive test facility in the laboratory of the Space Center. Lyndon johnson nasa
Working on an incomprehensible principle, the engine produces thrust even in a vacuum, where any thermal convection is excluded. Physicists put forward different explanations for EmDrive. Some say that pairs of photons may appear in the EmDrive resonator that are out of phase with each other. Such couples carry momentum in the opposite direction of the engine. And the interaction of such photons contributes to the emergence of a zero-polarized electromagnetic wave. The impulse transfers such a wave. There is a theory that the EmDrive is a consequence of the appearance of the "quantum vacuum of a virtual plasma" of particles that appear and disappear in a closed contour of space-time.
Hope to find a perpetual motion engine gives inventors tremendous strength and energy to work. The most important thing is to direct this energy in the right direction. Then real scientific and technical discoveries like Leonardo da Vinci, Robert Boyle, Johann Bernoulli, Simon Stevin, Julius Robert von Meier and other "crazy" inventors can become a side effect of their work.
Like the Paris Academy of Sciences, the US Patent Office does not formally grant patents on the "perpetuum mobile". This rule is valid for more than a hundred years. Nevertheless, in the International Patent Classification, sections for hydrodynamic ( section F03B 17/00 ) and electrodynamic ( section H02K 53/00) perpetual motion machines, since the patent offices of many countries consider applications for inventions only from the point of view of their novelty, and not physical feasibility.
Patents for perpetual motion. Free energy technology organizations and centers
Патенты США
• 3913004 от 14 октября 1975, Метод и аппаратура для увеличения электрической мощности, Роберт Александер.
• 4975608 от 4 декабря 1990, Мотор с переключаемым магнитным сопротивлением, Гарольд Аспден.
• 5288336 Преобразователь тепла в электричество, Гарольд Аспден.смотри также патенты номер 5,065,085 и 5,101,632
• 4622510 от 11 ноября 1986, Параметрическая электромашина, Фердинанд Кап.
• 2912244 от 1959 года, Гравитационная система, Отис Карр.
• 4006401 от 1 февраля 1977, Электромагнитный генератор, В Ривас.
• 3811058, 3879622 Моторы на постоянных магнитах.
• 2982261 Воздушный мотор Мак Клинтока.
• 4595843 от 17 июня 1986, Трансформатор вращающегося магнитного потока с сердечником с низкими потерями, Роберт Дель Вечио.
• 4567407 от 28 января 1986, Мотор — альтернатор, Джон Эклин.
• 3368141 от 6 января 1968, Трансформатор в сочетании с постоянными магнитами, Карлос Гарон.
• 3890548 от 17 июня 1975, Мотор с пульсирующим конденсаторным разрядом, Эдвин Грей.
• 4595852 от 17 июня 1986, Электростатический генератор, Роберт Гандлах.
• 4831299 от 16 мая 1989, Униполярный генератор переменного тока, Енакиши Хайсака.
• 4249096 от 3 февраля 1981, Электрическое динамо, Барбара Никокс.
• 3610971 от 5 октября 1971, Электродвижущий генератор электрического поля, Виллиямс Купер.
• 4897592 от 30 января 1990, Система, создающая мощность из энергии электростатического поля, Виллиямс Хайд.
• 4151431 от 24 апреля 1979, Мотор с постоянными магнитами, Говард Джонсон.
• 4806834 от 21 февраля 1989, Электрическая цепь индуктивных проводников, трансформаторов и моторов, Эрл Кениг.
• 3374376 от 19 марта 1968, Электрический генератор, Раймонд Кромри.
• 3977191 от 31 августа 1976, Источник мощности… Роберт Бритт.
• 3670494, Метод конвертирования атомной энергии в полезную кинетическую энергию.
• 4428193, Система извлечения полезной работы из топлива. В качестве топлива используется смесь инертных газов, циркулирующая в закрытой системе.
• 4709323 от 24 ноября 1987, Конвертор параллельного резонанса, Чарльз Лиен.
• 5146395 от 8 сентября 1992, Источник мощности, использующий две накопительные цепи, Ричард Мак Ки.
• 4210859 от 1 июня 1980, Индуктивное устройство, имеющее две ортогональные обмотки, Пауль Мерестский.
• 4500827 от 19 февраля 1985, Линейный электрический генератор, Томас Мерит.
• 4904926 от 27 февраля 1990, Электрический генератор магнитного движения, Марио Пацишинский.
• 4945273 от 31 июля 1990, Высокоэффективная электрическая машина, Джозеф Пинкертон.
• 4883977 от 28 ноября 1989, Преобразователь магнитной мощности, Деннис Реган.
• 4077001 Электромагнитный преобразователь со стационарными элементами, имеющими изменяемое магнитное сопротивление, Франк Ричардсон.
• 5018180 от 21 мая 1991, Конверсия энергии, использующая заряд высокой плотности, Кеннет Шолдерс.
• 4652771 от 24 марта 1987, Трансформатор с колебаниями магнитного потока, Теодор Спич.
• 4772816 от 20 сентября 1988, Система конверсии энергии, Джефри Спенс.
• 4748311 от 31 мая 1988, Инвертор с источником мощности для прерывателя параллельной резонансной цепи, настроенной на удвоенную частоту прерывателя, Фридрих-Вернер Томас.
• Международный патент H02K 31/00, 39/00 от 24 июня 1982, Замкнутая часть униполярной машины, Адам Тромбли.
• 4835433 1987 год, Аппаратура для непосредственного преобразования энергии радиоактивного распада в электрическую энергию, Браун П.М.
• Патенты США по электрогравитации: 1363037 Goddard 21 Декабря 1920; 2004352 Simon 11 Июня, 1935; 2210918 Karlovitz 13 Августа, 1940; 2588427 Stringfield 11 Марта, 1952; 2231877 Bennet 18 Февраля 1941; 2279586 Bennet 14 Апреля 1942; 2305500 Slayter 15 Декабря 1942.
• Английский патент номер 300,311 от 15 Августа 1927, Устройство для производства силы или движения при помощи электродов, Таунсенд Браун.
• Французский патент номер 1003484 от 11/1951 года.
Электрогравитация.
• 3187206 от 1 июня 1965, Электрокинетическая аппаратура, Таунсенд Браун.
• 3022430 от 20 февраля 1962, Электрокинетический генератор, Таунсенд Браун.
• 3018394 от 23 января 1962, Электрокинетический преобразователь, Таунсенд Браун.
• 2949550 от 16 августа 1960, Электрокинетическая аппаратура, Таунсенд Браун.
• 1974483 от 25 сентября 1934, Электростатический мотор, Таунсенд Браун.
• 4687947 от 18 Августа 1987, Электрическая цепь сохранения мощности, Мельвин Кобб.
• 4772775 от 20 Сентября 1988, Генерация потока плазмы в электрической дуге, Сэм Лич.
• 4432098 и 4429280, Передача информации при помощи магнитного векторного потенциала, Рейнолдс Гелинас.
• Великобритания, No. 547668, 30 января ( 7 сентября ) 1942 года, Мотор с постоянными магнитами, автор Стенли Хичкок.
• Великобритания, Заявка No.2282708A, Мотор с постоянными магнитами, Роберт Адамс, Гарольд Аспден.
Патенты по расщеплению воды и использованию ее в качестве топлива, в том числе по «холодному синтезу»
• 4394230 патент США от 19 Июля 1983, Метод и аппаратура для расщепления молекул воды, Генри К. Пухарич.
• 2251775 патент Великобритании от 20 Апреля 1994, Термоэлектрическая конверсия, Гарольд Аспден.
• 5288336 патент США, Термоэлектрическая конверсия, Гарольд Аспден.
Организации и центры по изучению технологий свободной энергии
• Русское Физическое Общество, 141002, Московская обл., Мытищи, Б.Шараповская 3. Факс 095-2926511. Издает журналы.
• Институт Свободной Энергии, Санкт-Петербург, 193024, а/я 37. Общественная организация, база данных по исследованиям в области гравитации и альтернативной энергетике.
• Academy for Future Sciences, P.O.Box FE, Los Gatos, CA 95031, USA.
• AERI, Advanced Energy Research Institute, 14 Devonshire Mews West, London W1N 1Fp, Great Britain.
• ADAS, Association of Distinguished American Scientists,P.O.Box 1472, Huntsville, AL 35807, USA. Fax 205-536-0411.
• Borderland Sciences Research Foundation, P.O.Box 429, Garberville, CA 95440-0429, USA.
• Centre for Action, P.O.Box 472, HCR 31, Sandy Valley, NT 89019, USA. Издает книги, журнал и распространяет видеоленты.
• COSRAY, The Research Institute, Inc., 2505 South Forth Street East, P.O.Box 651045, Salt Lake City, UT 84165-1045, USA.
• Delta Spectrum Research, Inc., 5608 South 107th East Av., Tusla, Oklahoma 74146 USA. Fax 918-459-3789. База данных по коммерческим проектам в области свободной энергии, в электронном виде — около 11 Мб. Высылает статьи по работам NASA в области электрогравитации:
Electrostatic levitator with feedback control; Hybrid contactless heating and levitator; Precision fabrication of electromagnetic-levitation coils и другие.
• Electrodynamic Gravity, Inc., 35 W.Tallmadge Ave., Akron, Ohio 44310, USA.
• Fusion Information Center, P.O.Box 58639, Salt Lake City, Utah 84158-0369, издает журнал о работах по «холодному синтезу» Fusion Facts, fax 801-583-6245.
• Gravity Power Research Association, 36 Mountain Road, Burlington, MA 01803, USA.
• GRI, Group Research Institute, P.O.Box 438, Nelson, New Zealand. Dr. Ashley Gray.
• High Energy Enterprises, P.O.Box 5636, Security, CO 80931, USA. Fax 719-4750582. Издает книги Тесла и результаты работ его последователей. International Tesla Society Books.
• Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin, 4030 Braker Lane W., Suite 300, Austin, TX 78759, USA.
• INE, Institute for New Energy, 1304 South College Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA. Издает журнал New Energy News, P.O.Box 58639, Salt Lake City, UT 84158-8639, USA. Доступ по EMAIL: [email protected].
Выслает сборник докладов конфренции по развивающимся проектам свободной энергии Denver Report'94.
• Intergrity Institute, 1377 K Street, NW, Suite 16, Washington DC, USA. Fax 202-543-3069. Исследования по электрогравитации, инерциальным движителям, отрицательная масса, как энергетический источник.
Распространение материалов о работах Т.Т.Брауна по электрогравитации.
• JPI, Japan Psychrotronic Institute, Dr. Shiuji Inomata, Electrotechnical Laboratory, 1-1-4 Umezono, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305, Japan.
• Cosmic Energy Association, 37-2 Nisigoshonouti, Kinugasa, Kitaku, Kyoto, 603, Japan. Dr. Masayoshi Ihara.
• Orgone Biophysical Research Laboratory, Inc.,P.O.Box 1395, E1 Cerrito, CA 94530, USA. Fax 510-526-5978.
• Quantum Biology Research Laboratory, Cotati Research Institute, P.O.Box 60653, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA.
• PACE, Planetary Association for Clean Energy, Главный оффис в Канаде: 100 Bronson Av., Suite 1001, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada T1R 6G8. Fax 613-235-5876. Европейское представительство в Германии:
Planetartsche Vereinigung fur Saubere Energie, Inc. Feyermuhler Strasse 12, D-53894 Mechernich, FRG. Fax 49-24438221, EMAIL [email protected]. Представительство в Латинской Америке:
FUNDAPAC Allayme 1719, San Jose, Guaymallen, Argentina.
• SEA, Space Energy Association, P.O.Box 11422, Clearwater, FL 34616, USA.
• Tesla Book Company, P.O.Box 121873, Chula Vista, CA 91912, USA.
• Tesla Incorporated, 760 Prairie Av., Craig, CO 81625, USA. Fax 303-824-7864. Модем 300/1200/2400 для Tesla BBS по телефону 719-486-2775.
• ExtraOrdinary Science, Resource Guide, fax 719-475-0582. Официальный каталог книг, статей, видеоматериалов и баз даных Общества Тесла.
• Журнал Explore, The New Dimension in Scientific Approach,P.O.Box 1508, Mount Vernon, Washington 98273, USA.
• Журнал Electric Spacecraft Journal, P.O.Box 18387, Asheville, NC 28814, USA. Fax 704-683-3511.
• Журнал Nexus New Times Magazine, P.O.Box 30, Maplepton Qld 4560, Australia. Fax 074-429381.
• Журнал Cold Fusion Times, P.O.Box 81135, Wellesley Hills MA 02181, USA.
• Журнал Infinite Energy, P.O.Box 2816, Concord, NH 03302-2816, USA. Издается центром Cold Fusion Technology, fax 603-224-5975, email: [email protected].
• Журнал 21th Century Science & Technology, P.O.Box 16285, Washington, DC, 20041, USA.
• Журнал Cold Fusion, 70 b Route 202N, Petersborough, NH 03458, USA.
• Brown's Gas International, 5063 Densmore Av., ENCINO, California 91436, USA. Изобретатель «газа Брауна», Yull Brown. Факс 818-990-4873 в США.
• ENECO, Inc., 391-B Chipeta Way, Salt LAke City, Utah 84108, USA. Fax 801-5836245. Развивает несколько устройств генерации мощности за счет холодного синтеза как с тяжелой, так и с легкой водой.
• «Robert Adams and Company» 46 Landing Road, Whakatane, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. Роберт Адамс, исследования по созданию мотора-генератора с постоянными магнитами.
• Methernitha, 3517 Linden, Switzerland. Менеджер Francis Bosshard.
• Swiss Association for Free Energy, P.O.Box 10, 5704 Egliswilli, Switzerland.
• Space Research Institute, Box 33, Uwajima, Ehime 79, Japan. Dr. Shinichi Seike. Fax 895-24-7325. Эксперименты по гравитации и изменению темпа хода времени при работе генераторов свободной энергии, измерения хрональных потенциалов.
• Nuclear Power Corporation, 581 400 Karnataka, India. Project Director, Kaiga Project, Dr. Paramahamsa Tewari.
• Cosmic Energy Foundation, Neptunuslaan 11, 3318 E1 Dordrecht Netherlands. Dr. Martin Holwerda, Director.
• World Harmony, P.O.Box 361 Applecross 6153, Western Australia.
Другой оффис данной группы: U.S.World Harmony, P.O.Box 317, Rainier, WA 98576, USA.
• Sabberton Research, P.O.Box 35, Southampton SO9 7BU, England, Dr. Harold Aspden.
Источник: Персональные системы свободной энергии
• 3913004 от 14 октября 1975, Метод и аппаратура для увеличения электрической мощности, Роберт Александер.
• 4975608 от 4 декабря 1990, Мотор с переключаемым магнитным сопротивлением, Гарольд Аспден.
• 5288336 Преобразователь тепла в электричество, Гарольд Аспден.смотри также патенты номер 5,065,085 и 5,101,632
• 4622510 от 11 ноября 1986, Параметрическая электромашина, Фердинанд Кап.
• 2912244 от 1959 года, Гравитационная система, Отис Карр.
• 4006401 от 1 февраля 1977, Электромагнитный генератор, В Ривас.
• 3811058, 3879622 Моторы на постоянных магнитах.
• 2982261 Воздушный мотор Мак Клинтока.
• 4595843 от 17 июня 1986, Трансформатор вращающегося магнитного потока с сердечником с низкими потерями, Роберт Дель Вечио.
• 4567407 от 28 января 1986, Мотор — альтернатор, Джон Эклин.
• 3368141 от 6 января 1968, Трансформатор в сочетании с постоянными магнитами, Карлос Гарон.
• 3890548 от 17 июня 1975, Мотор с пульсирующим конденсаторным разрядом, Эдвин Грей.
• 4595852 от 17 июня 1986, Электростатический генератор, Роберт Гандлах.
• 4831299 от 16 мая 1989, Униполярный генератор переменного тока, Енакиши Хайсака.
• 4249096 от 3 февраля 1981, Электрическое динамо, Барбара Никокс.
• 3610971 от 5 октября 1971, Электродвижущий генератор электрического поля, Виллиямс Купер.
• 4897592 от 30 января 1990, Система, создающая мощность из энергии электростатического поля, Виллиямс Хайд.
• 4151431 от 24 апреля 1979, Мотор с постоянными магнитами, Говард Джонсон.
• 4806834 от 21 февраля 1989, Электрическая цепь индуктивных проводников, трансформаторов и моторов, Эрл Кениг.
• 3374376 от 19 марта 1968, Электрический генератор, Раймонд Кромри.
• 3977191 от 31 августа 1976, Источник мощности… Роберт Бритт.
• 3670494, Метод конвертирования атомной энергии в полезную кинетическую энергию.
• 4428193, Система извлечения полезной работы из топлива. В качестве топлива используется смесь инертных газов, циркулирующая в закрытой системе.
• 4709323 от 24 ноября 1987, Конвертор параллельного резонанса, Чарльз Лиен.
• 5146395 от 8 сентября 1992, Источник мощности, использующий две накопительные цепи, Ричард Мак Ки.
• 4210859 от 1 июня 1980, Индуктивное устройство, имеющее две ортогональные обмотки, Пауль Мерестский.
• 4500827 от 19 февраля 1985, Линейный электрический генератор, Томас Мерит.
• 4904926 от 27 февраля 1990, Электрический генератор магнитного движения, Марио Пацишинский.
• 4945273 от 31 июля 1990, Высокоэффективная электрическая машина, Джозеф Пинкертон.
• 4883977 от 28 ноября 1989, Преобразователь магнитной мощности, Деннис Реган.
• 4077001 Электромагнитный преобразователь со стационарными элементами, имеющими изменяемое магнитное сопротивление, Франк Ричардсон.
• 5018180 от 21 мая 1991, Конверсия энергии, использующая заряд высокой плотности, Кеннет Шолдерс.
• 4652771 от 24 марта 1987, Трансформатор с колебаниями магнитного потока, Теодор Спич.
• 4772816 от 20 сентября 1988, Система конверсии энергии, Джефри Спенс.
• 4748311 от 31 мая 1988, Инвертор с источником мощности для прерывателя параллельной резонансной цепи, настроенной на удвоенную частоту прерывателя, Фридрих-Вернер Томас.
• Международный патент H02K 31/00, 39/00 от 24 июня 1982, Замкнутая часть униполярной машины, Адам Тромбли.
• 4835433 1987 год, Аппаратура для непосредственного преобразования энергии радиоактивного распада в электрическую энергию, Браун П.М.
• Патенты США по электрогравитации: 1363037 Goddard 21 Декабря 1920; 2004352 Simon 11 Июня, 1935; 2210918 Karlovitz 13 Августа, 1940; 2588427 Stringfield 11 Марта, 1952; 2231877 Bennet 18 Февраля 1941; 2279586 Bennet 14 Апреля 1942; 2305500 Slayter 15 Декабря 1942.
• Английский патент номер 300,311 от 15 Августа 1927, Устройство для производства силы или движения при помощи электродов, Таунсенд Браун.
• Французский патент номер 1003484 от 11/1951 года.
Электрогравитация.
• 3187206 от 1 июня 1965, Электрокинетическая аппаратура, Таунсенд Браун.
• 3022430 от 20 февраля 1962, Электрокинетический генератор, Таунсенд Браун.
• 3018394 от 23 января 1962, Электрокинетический преобразователь, Таунсенд Браун.
• 2949550 от 16 августа 1960, Электрокинетическая аппаратура, Таунсенд Браун.
• 1974483 от 25 сентября 1934, Электростатический мотор, Таунсенд Браун.
• 4687947 от 18 Августа 1987, Электрическая цепь сохранения мощности, Мельвин Кобб.
• 4772775 от 20 Сентября 1988, Генерация потока плазмы в электрической дуге, Сэм Лич.
• 4432098 и 4429280, Передача информации при помощи магнитного векторного потенциала, Рейнолдс Гелинас.
• Великобритания, No. 547668, 30 января ( 7 сентября ) 1942 года, Мотор с постоянными магнитами, автор Стенли Хичкок.
• Великобритания, Заявка No.2282708A, Мотор с постоянными магнитами, Роберт Адамс, Гарольд Аспден.
Патенты по расщеплению воды и использованию ее в качестве топлива, в том числе по «холодному синтезу»
• 4394230 патент США от 19 Июля 1983, Метод и аппаратура для расщепления молекул воды, Генри К. Пухарич.
• 2251775 патент Великобритании от 20 Апреля 1994, Термоэлектрическая конверсия, Гарольд Аспден.
• 5288336 патент США, Термоэлектрическая конверсия, Гарольд Аспден.
Организации и центры по изучению технологий свободной энергии
• Русское Физическое Общество, 141002, Московская обл., Мытищи, Б.Шараповская 3. Факс 095-2926511. Издает журналы.
• Институт Свободной Энергии, Санкт-Петербург, 193024, а/я 37. Общественная организация, база данных по исследованиям в области гравитации и альтернативной энергетике.
• Academy for Future Sciences, P.O.Box FE, Los Gatos, CA 95031, USA.
• AERI, Advanced Energy Research Institute, 14 Devonshire Mews West, London W1N 1Fp, Great Britain.
• ADAS, Association of Distinguished American Scientists,P.O.Box 1472, Huntsville, AL 35807, USA. Fax 205-536-0411.
• Borderland Sciences Research Foundation, P.O.Box 429, Garberville, CA 95440-0429, USA.
• Centre for Action, P.O.Box 472, HCR 31, Sandy Valley, NT 89019, USA. Издает книги, журнал и распространяет видеоленты.
• COSRAY, The Research Institute, Inc., 2505 South Forth Street East, P.O.Box 651045, Salt Lake City, UT 84165-1045, USA.
• Delta Spectrum Research, Inc., 5608 South 107th East Av., Tusla, Oklahoma 74146 USA. Fax 918-459-3789. База данных по коммерческим проектам в области свободной энергии, в электронном виде — около 11 Мб. Высылает статьи по работам NASA в области электрогравитации:
Electrostatic levitator with feedback control; Hybrid contactless heating and levitator; Precision fabrication of electromagnetic-levitation coils и другие.
• Electrodynamic Gravity, Inc., 35 W.Tallmadge Ave., Akron, Ohio 44310, USA.
• Fusion Information Center, P.O.Box 58639, Salt Lake City, Utah 84158-0369, издает журнал о работах по «холодному синтезу» Fusion Facts, fax 801-583-6245.
• Gravity Power Research Association, 36 Mountain Road, Burlington, MA 01803, USA.
• GRI, Group Research Institute, P.O.Box 438, Nelson, New Zealand. Dr. Ashley Gray.
• High Energy Enterprises, P.O.Box 5636, Security, CO 80931, USA. Fax 719-4750582. Издает книги Тесла и результаты работ его последователей. International Tesla Society Books.
• Institute for Advanced Studies at Austin, 4030 Braker Lane W., Suite 300, Austin, TX 78759, USA.
• INE, Institute for New Energy, 1304 South College Avenue, Fort Collins, CO 80524, USA. Издает журнал New Energy News, P.O.Box 58639, Salt Lake City, UT 84158-8639, USA. Доступ по EMAIL: [email protected].
Выслает сборник докладов конфренции по развивающимся проектам свободной энергии Denver Report'94.
• Intergrity Institute, 1377 K Street, NW, Suite 16, Washington DC, USA. Fax 202-543-3069. Исследования по электрогравитации, инерциальным движителям, отрицательная масса, как энергетический источник.
Распространение материалов о работах Т.Т.Брауна по электрогравитации.
• JPI, Japan Psychrotronic Institute, Dr. Shiuji Inomata, Electrotechnical Laboratory, 1-1-4 Umezono, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305, Japan.
• Cosmic Energy Association, 37-2 Nisigoshonouti, Kinugasa, Kitaku, Kyoto, 603, Japan. Dr. Masayoshi Ihara.
• Orgone Biophysical Research Laboratory, Inc.,P.O.Box 1395, E1 Cerrito, CA 94530, USA. Fax 510-526-5978.
• Quantum Biology Research Laboratory, Cotati Research Institute, P.O.Box 60653, Palo Alto, CA 94306, USA.
• PACE, Planetary Association for Clean Energy, Главный оффис в Канаде: 100 Bronson Av., Suite 1001, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada T1R 6G8. Fax 613-235-5876. Европейское представительство в Германии:
Planetartsche Vereinigung fur Saubere Energie, Inc. Feyermuhler Strasse 12, D-53894 Mechernich, FRG. Fax 49-24438221, EMAIL [email protected]. Представительство в Латинской Америке:
FUNDAPAC Allayme 1719, San Jose, Guaymallen, Argentina.
• SEA, Space Energy Association, P.O.Box 11422, Clearwater, FL 34616, USA.
• Tesla Book Company, P.O.Box 121873, Chula Vista, CA 91912, USA.
• Tesla Incorporated, 760 Prairie Av., Craig, CO 81625, USA. Fax 303-824-7864. Модем 300/1200/2400 для Tesla BBS по телефону 719-486-2775.
• ExtraOrdinary Science, Resource Guide, fax 719-475-0582. Официальный каталог книг, статей, видеоматериалов и баз даных Общества Тесла.
• Журнал Explore, The New Dimension in Scientific Approach,P.O.Box 1508, Mount Vernon, Washington 98273, USA.
• Журнал Electric Spacecraft Journal, P.O.Box 18387, Asheville, NC 28814, USA. Fax 704-683-3511.
• Журнал Nexus New Times Magazine, P.O.Box 30, Maplepton Qld 4560, Australia. Fax 074-429381.
• Журнал Cold Fusion Times, P.O.Box 81135, Wellesley Hills MA 02181, USA.
• Журнал Infinite Energy, P.O.Box 2816, Concord, NH 03302-2816, USA. Издается центром Cold Fusion Technology, fax 603-224-5975, email: [email protected].
• Журнал 21th Century Science & Technology, P.O.Box 16285, Washington, DC, 20041, USA.
• Журнал Cold Fusion, 70 b Route 202N, Petersborough, NH 03458, USA.
• Brown's Gas International, 5063 Densmore Av., ENCINO, California 91436, USA. Изобретатель «газа Брауна», Yull Brown. Факс 818-990-4873 в США.
• ENECO, Inc., 391-B Chipeta Way, Salt LAke City, Utah 84108, USA. Fax 801-5836245. Развивает несколько устройств генерации мощности за счет холодного синтеза как с тяжелой, так и с легкой водой.
• «Robert Adams and Company» 46 Landing Road, Whakatane, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. Роберт Адамс, исследования по созданию мотора-генератора с постоянными магнитами.
• Methernitha, 3517 Linden, Switzerland. Менеджер Francis Bosshard.
• Swiss Association for Free Energy, P.O.Box 10, 5704 Egliswilli, Switzerland.
• Space Research Institute, Box 33, Uwajima, Ehime 79, Japan. Dr. Shinichi Seike. Fax 895-24-7325. Эксперименты по гравитации и изменению темпа хода времени при работе генераторов свободной энергии, измерения хрональных потенциалов.
• Nuclear Power Corporation, 581 400 Karnataka, India. Project Director, Kaiga Project, Dr. Paramahamsa Tewari.
• Cosmic Energy Foundation, Neptunuslaan 11, 3318 E1 Dordrecht Netherlands. Dr. Martin Holwerda, Director.
• World Harmony, P.O.Box 361 Applecross 6153, Western Australia.
Другой оффис данной группы: U.S.World Harmony, P.O.Box 317, Rainier, WA 98576, USA.
• Sabberton Research, P.O.Box 35, Southampton SO9 7BU, England, Dr. Harold Aspden.
Источник: Персональные системы свободной энергии
Well, if the work on the perpetual motion engine helps to move forward the scientific and technical progress. But with regret we have to admit that in most cases this is not the case. For individual inventors, the perpetuation of an eternal engine is similar to a mental disorder. It is said that this disease often develops according to the standard scenario: first, the “patient” tries to build his own version of the classic “perpetual wheel” - a wheel, one side of which is always heavier than the other thanks to a system of levers, rolling balls, iridescent fluid and so on.
A child’s work on such a mechanism can be a real help in their studies, it helps the student to warm up his interest in physics and the exact sciences. It is important not to cross the fine line, when the belief in the possibility of creating a perpetual motion engine does not pass, but turns into an obsession throughout life.
