The crisis of the concepts of improving road safety and a new concept of its solution
Contrary to the widely tolerated programs of zero tolerance for road accident victims, the number of fatalities in the world continues to grow. And not only at the expense of the third world countries, but also at the expense of countries implementing Vision Zero, where lately the number of the dead has ceased to decline and even began to grow. On the face of a clear crisis direction. Let us examine its causes by analyzing the main generally accepted concepts of improving road safety (RTS) and consider a new concept:
Author: Roman Krivosheev, inventor.
Head of "ITS Octopus" team member technological competition STI "Winter City" competition website upgreat.one .
The author is the inventor of a fundamentally new approach to solving transport problems, and accordingly, the primary source of the information presented. Project site ekologurban.livejournal.com
Since the project has several dozen innovations with no analogues in the world, a series of articles is planned.
This is the first (overview) article from the cycle. All pictures are clickable.
Historically, the first concept was tougher penalties. Its inefficiency has become apparent long ago: even all the fines put together, plus the execution of the perpetrators, will not be able to resurrect any of those killed in an accident. And any tightening works for three years, after which the person gets used to it and everything returns to the beginning. That is, the first concept does not work at all.
By the 60s of the twentieth century, it was impossible to put up with a rapid increase in the number of dead, and automakers began to seriously improve the safety of cars (seat belts, airbags, ABS, etc.). And the cars themselves began to do, taking into account the deformation zones. In the road infrastructure appeared bump stops and separation barriers. By the nineties, it became clear that the physical limit of passive safety of cars had been reached. That is why, with the allowed speed of 110 km / h, crash tests
are carried out at a speed of only 60 km / h. Thus, the second concept was very effective, but its possibilities are almost completely exhausted.
Realizing this, at the turn of the millennium, instead of searching for a new concept of improving transport, transport populists engaged in fraud and began to LOSS the characteristics of transport and infrastructure. It was stated that cars drive too fast and this speed should be reduced in every way by both administrative and infrastructural measures. At the forefront of this concept was Sweden, which in 1997 adopted a program known as Vision Zero. The goal was declared "zero tolerance" for deaths in road accidents, with the goal of reaching zero levels by 2020. In the year to 2020, it is clear that this program has completely failed.
If you take the majority of articles on Vision Zero, then the “future growth” security schedule will end in 2010 or 2013. Why? And because after 2013 the program Vision Zero stopped working! The death toll has ceased to decline and fluctuates around 2013 values. Moreover, the forecast graph, for the statistically significant last 5 years, in Sweden gives a potential zero only by the year 2410!
But the main problem is not this, since it was still possible to achieve a serious reduction in the number of dead. The main problem is that the success of Vision Zero is greatly exaggerated, and the methods in general are frauds. Since the reduction in the number of victims of accidents is achieved not due to an increase in SAFETY, but due to the DEGRADATION of the characteristics of the transport and transport infrastructure. But this is the same as improving the safety of the saw by dulling its teeth. Yes, it will be safer, but due to the fact that it will become worse to cut. And this is the essence of all Vision Zero offers! See for yourself, all four Vision Zero directions are such frauds:
Yes, of course, safety is above all and expensive, but you have to understand that Vision Zero solutions are very inefficient and are not a problem treatment, but only expensive crutches. The problem is that these solutions are promoted as almost ideal and are literally imposed on other countries as having no alternatives. In particular, these ideas are spelled out in the Russian NTI road maps, and on this basis other concepts of improving road safety are simply not considered.
The fraudulent essence of Vision Zero is not a secret. And in many countries, for example in the United States, the imposition of this program encounters active resistance from people who disagree with the program “Hush going, you will continue, from the place where you go.”
If you look at the safety charts of the rich countries of the world, we will see that the death toll has stabilized everywhere and stopped falling (a slight increase in the United States is associated with a significant increase in car mileage due to cheap gasoline, and the death toll per unit mileage does not change and in the USA). Yes, this stabilization occurred for different countries at different levels. And this level directly depends on the INTENSITY of using cars in different countries. Not everyone in the 21st century wants to live in the rhythm of a 19th century village at the speed of a pedestrian. Namely, this is the meaning of Vision Zero - to make the speed of transport commensurate with the speed of a pedestrian and a bicycle.
Fortunately, lately (2020 is just around the corner), the failure of the Vision Zero program has become indirectly recognized even in Sweden. First, the dates were postponed, and then the struggle to achieve zero transformed into a movement in the direction of zero. However, the statistics for the last 5 years clearly shows that even the movement to zero is no longer. Thus, the concept of Vision Zero is a fraud. Moreover, the most important thing is that even this fraud has already stopped working.
Therefore, now they have increasingly begun to talk about the role of autopilot in improving road safety. And already here and now. But in this case we are also talking about fraud. Statements that autopilot is not based on facts are better than humans (since there is no autopilot yet, there can be no evidence that it is better than humans). And all the PR is built on Ilona Mask's “Wishbones” and his frauds with statistics. But the statistics that when using autopilot Tesla crashes occur less frequently - this is fraud, since the pseudo-auto pilot works only in simple weather and road conditions when the probability of an accident is extremely low. Most of the accidents occur in poor conditions, when the pseudo-auto pilot does not work, and, naturally, these accidents do not spoil the statistics of the pseudo auto pilot.
So let's see, and how much the concept itself, that “autopilot is better than man” is true. In fact, the only argument for this is that the computer does not make “human factor” errors. This is true, as well as the fact that a person does not make mistakes of the “computer factor”. Thus, the replacement of the "human factor" by the "computer factor" is supposed. But far from being the fact that the final amount will be positive, especially considering, for example, hackers.
There is a reasonable question, why then change the awl on the soap? Build a table:
Moreover, the shortcomings of the autopilot cannot be solved in principle, since they require not just a strong AI, but a strong artificial CONSCIOUSNESS. And he is not even in the project, but even if it appears, he will have all the rights of the PERSONAL, and it’s far from a fact that he wants to work for a person.
Thus, with formal even equality of the pros and cons of the person and the autopilot, PR people are trying to convince us that the autopilot is much safer than a person!
Even the PR people themselves began to understand this, and at CES-2019 they recognized that the fifth level of autonomy, the cause of a distant future, must be concentrated on the third level of autonomy ( Robotic mobile industry is finally becoming more realistic). Thus, by 2019, it became obvious that the promising concept of increasing security at the expense of the autopilot was at least postponed for an indefinite time.
To summarize: all existing and promising concepts for improving road safety have exhausted themselves and will not be able to significantly increase safety in the near future. And even a strong AI will not be able to solve the main problem of a promising automatic car, namely the problem of responsibility for making decisions on “stealing” real chaotic traffic with a lack of information.
But not everything is so hopeless! Analysis of the table shows a very interesting feature: where a person is bad, the computer is good and vice versa. Then there is a logical idea to make a hybrid, combining the advantages of both approaches and free from their shortcomings. Thus, the greatest security, with the existing and future level of development of AI, will not be an irresponsible autopilot, but such a hybrid version:
“Man is responsible for everything. Electronics gives prompts (systems for marking, road signs, blind spots control, etc.) and can execute one last driver command (stay in the lane, change lane, maintain distance, park). The electronics can block the driver’s unambiguously dangerous actions (emergency braking systems). ”
Obviously, this potential option does not guarantee the absence of the dead as well, although the person is responsible for the results of “settling” the existing chaotic traffic, but the results of the “breaking” are very far from ideal. Moreover, it is impossible to theoretically order CHAOS even theoretically (the task of the trolley). So we finally found the main road safety problem! You just need to get rid of this chaos on the roads! That is, the existing CHAOTIC traffic, when everyone is driving as he wants, and the traffic rules are only of an advisory nature, should be replaced with “initially ordered PLANNED traffic controlled by automatic central dispatching”. And the plan itself should be designed so that, in principle, there are no ambiguous situations for which it would be necessary to answer. In this way, the driver is only a performer and is responsible only for the correct execution of the automatic dispatch solutions. And since the execution of decisions, even a simple computer can be significantly better than a person, then a full-fledged automatic car is obtained by itself, as a free by-product, and does not require any intelligence at all.
Such a fundamentally new concept is able to completely solve the problems of transport safety here and now, and its one-time cost is several times lower than the annual official damage from road accidents. This concept was developed by the author and implemented in the Intelligent Transport System of Full Regulation and Transport Management (ITS SPRUT). Its essence: instead of writing meaningless penalties for traffic violations that have already been committed, we need the well-known “fool protection” system, which will not even allow deliberately to violate the traffic rules. And although an absolutely safe car is impossible (if you do not crash, you will crash into you), it is easy to create an absolutely safe centralized transport system that can guarantee 100% safety with an accuracy of technical malfunction.
A small educational program on the properties of the classical central dispatch: any such system can only be COMPLETE and MANDATORY for all its participants. However, it turned out that the overwhelming majority of “experts” do not understand this. Although these properties are fairly obvious: imagine how the central dispatching system at the aerodrome will work if the dispatcher controls only half of the runway, or if at least one pilot will not obey the dispatcher's commands.
First, we need complete information about traffic, which cannot be obtained theoretically from a car (there are no technologies installed in a car that can see a child even behind a car). And no even promising systems “Car to X” will be able to solve the problem, since even theoretically they cannot be complete, and at a certain stage they even DECREASE security. (In the center the view from the car, when it is still possible to stop)
Therefore, an external system of constant monitoring of all roads, organized on the cellular principle. "ITS SPRUT" consists of the simplest cameras with a large viewing angle, directed from the top downwards from the existing lighting pillars. As a result, “ITS SPRUT” in real time has a plan of the top view of all roads, on which in principle there can be no dead zones, since each point is viewed diagonally from four cameras (reliability of duplication at the level of combat fighters). Thus, the problem of lack of information is completely solved. The price of such a system is $ 10,000 per kilometer. That is, the one-time cost for all of Russia is approximately equal to the annual payments for OSAGO + CASCO, and three times less than the annual official damage from road accidents.
Second, to safely resolve all conflict situations, a central dispatch system is needed, as in aviation, only in automatic mode. That is, all conflict places on the hearse become traffic lights adjustable. To do this, it is enough to install an “individual traffic light” (IS) in each vehicle with constant two-way communication with ITS SPRUT. Outside in front of each car is installed LED strip, performing the role of IP for pedestrians. Thus, the problem of interaction between ALL road users has been completely solved. The cost of IP from three thousand rubles, which is less than the average cost of a child car seat.
Therefore, the installation of IP can be made mandatory. It works like this. On the IC screen, real-time information is displayed: a plan of the top view, accurate and up-to-date information about navigation, the effect of current road signs, maximum speed, green wave speed and so on. For convenience, all the information necessary for management is duplicated by voice and LED strips on the principle of traffic lights. For example, an absolutely safe turn is as follows: including the left turn signal, the driver sends a request for turning to the "ITS SPRUT" system. After the security check, at the time of the beginning of the turn, the green signal on the LED tape of the left turn lights up. The horizontal tape determines the speed mode relative to the speed of the green wave, and the blinking frequency determines the deviation. Consider speeding: let the driver hit the gas. Having calculated the speed and acceleration, "ITS SPRUT" includes the first warning - red flashing with a large interval, meaning that if we continue acceleration at the same pace, then in a few seconds the permissible speed will be exceeded. If the driver ignores it, the blinking frequency increases and the second warning is transmitted over the speakerphone. If his driver ignored, then we have documented objective data that the driver is not able to adequately drive a car. Therefore, the system "ITS SPRUT" in the car remotely includes emergency braking and sends the nearest special services car to this place. that if we continue acceleration at the same pace, then in a few seconds the permissible speed will be exceeded. If the driver ignores it, the blinking frequency increases and the second warning is transmitted over the speakerphone. If his driver ignored, then we have documented objective data that the driver is not able to adequately drive a car. Therefore, the system "ITS SPRUT" in the car remotely includes emergency braking and sends the nearest special services car to this place. that if we continue acceleration at the same pace, then in a few seconds the permissible speed will be exceeded. If the driver ignores it, the blinking frequency increases and the second warning is transmitted over the speakerphone. If his driver ignored, then we have documented objective data that the driver is not able to adequately drive a car. Therefore, the system "ITS SPRUT" in the car remotely includes emergency braking and sends the nearest special services car to this place. then we have documented objective data that the driver is not able to adequately drive a car. Therefore, the system "ITS SPRUT" in the car remotely includes emergency braking and sends the nearest special services car to this place. then we have documented objective data that the driver is not able to adequately drive a car. Therefore, the system "ITS SPRUT" in the car remotely includes emergency braking and sends the nearest special services car to this place.
Third, the central dispatch allows you to create an absolutely safe individual RIGHT trajectory for each transport. This "Customized Route" is ordered and obtained through the IP or the Internet (similar to ordering a taxi). Previously, each trajectory is checked for safety by virtual graphic modeling, that is, the absence of intersections with the trajectories of other road users. Moreover, the trajectories are laid so as to completely avoid or at least minimize the consequences of potential technical malfunctions, for example, the possibility of a coup into the oncoming lane of the truck when turning and so on is taken into account in advance. Thus, the existing unpredictable movement always becomes fully and in advance KNOWN, and the problem of lack of information is completely absent. I.e,
Structurally, "ITS SPRUT" is built as a distributed cellular network with hierarchical logistics (similar to cellular networks). Thus, the system "ITS SPRUT" is scaled almost linearly, but, unlike the cellular telephone network, it is basically impossible to overload. Since the number of objects within each cell is physically limited by the area of the road.
As a result, a system is obtained in which the trajectories of each transport are NOT dependent on other road users. Accordingly, it is not necessary to predict and predict the actions of other participants. So you do not have to be responsible for the actions of 3d fools on the road and Baranoped walkers. In the system "ITS SPRUT" all road users are responsible only for themselves, namely, just for the precise execution of the instructions of the automatic dispatcher. Thus, the absurd responsibility for the actions of other road users, which in principle cannot be influenced, completely disappears.
Since for each transport there is a clear and unambiguous traffic plan, then ITS SPRUT can, through an individual traffic light, give advance warning of ALL potentially dangerous situations. Accordingly, it becomes impossible to accidentally violate traffic rules, and there are NO fines at all, since there is no sense to punish for random and immediately corrected violations.
And the fourth, if the driver still ignored the warnings, and, accordingly, intentionally violated the traffic rules, then such a car must be forcibly stopped, and the driver has no alternative to revoke the driver's license. To do this, it is enough to install a remotely controlled brake in each car (an analogue of the crane stop in trains).
Which, in the simplest case, consists of an electric motor rigidly attached to the car body so as not to interfere with the usual brake pedal operation. The engine is controlled by the system "ITS SPRUT" through an individual traffic light in each car. This ensures that not only the number of the dead, but also the number of accidents in general, will be reduced to almost zero, up to a technical failure. Similarly, the problems of rudeness, improper parking and so on are also COMPLETELY solved. For any car ownership or attempt to drive the wrong parking simply will not receive a PERMISSION from "ITS SPRUT".
At the same time, the security of the ITS SPRUT system itself from external hacking is in principle unattainable for existing and prospective systems. But this is a separate and too big topic. Therefore, together with the topic of total control and protection of personal data will be discussed in a separate article.
All the solutions described were experimentally tested on the full-featured “ITS SPRUT” sample, which is responsible for 120 meters of the road and one intersection. Consider her work. Cameras are installed on the balcony of a residential building at the height of the top point of a standard road lighting ceiling (approximately 12 meters). The task of the ITS SPRUT system is to determine in real time the coordinates of all moving objects within the road network and display them on a plan of the top view to determine the safety of their movement.
The figure shows the work of the system SPRUT of three autonomous cells. Honeycombs are joined with each other with small overlaps, realizing the principle “the object has received, the object has passed”.
At the top of the cell that acts as a server, at the bottom of the cell are one and two clients. The server additionally draws a plan of the top view. Principle of operation: 30 times per second, each cell receives from the server a very small batch of coordinates of objects that are in its visibility zone according to data from previous frames. Then, using the data of the simplest motion detector, specifies the coordinates of each object in the current frame. Thus, the classical task of recognizing arbitrary three-dimensional objects on a changing three-dimensional background, unsolvable without strong artificial intelligence, we reduced to the task of not even tracking, but of refining the coordinates of objects on a fixed flat background. That is, as simple as possible and, accordingly, as reliable as possible, requiring a minimum computational power, is significantly less than for encoding video in ip cameras. Each cell then sends a packet with these specified coordinates to the server. At the same time, the amount of information transmitted over the network is thousands of times less than with the classical video transmission to a single center. Accordingly, no need for expensive broadband lines. The server, having received duplicated information from all the cells, selects the most accurate and generates a new actual package of coordinates of objects, which is displayed in the top view. After that, the road safety is checked graphically for safety (no objects and their safety zones in the top view diagram should intersect). Then dispatching is performed, that is, an unambiguous solution of all disputable situations, for example, the sequence of travel. As a result, a data packet for each transport is formed and transmitted. Further, this cycle is repeated for each next frame.
To accurately determine the coordinates of the cars, it is enough to place a contrasting rectangle on the upper trunk of the car (and in the future and directly on the roof), which will bring the reliability and verifiability of the coordinates to an excessive level (better than one centimeter). The photo view from the camera of the mobile version of the infrastructure "ITS SPRUT"
Unfortunately, the chaos of the road is created not only by the “human factor” of drivers and pedestrians, but also by the ABSURD traffic rules, which initially provide for conflict situations, for example, at intersections. Therefore, within the framework of the “protection against a fool” concept, it is necessary to change the traffic rules along intersections so that there will be no conflict situations (intersecting trajectories) at all:
It is clear that with such conflict overlapping trajectories of an accident are inevitable. Therefore, a new intersection scheme is needed in which both cars and pedestrians always move along the safest non-intersecting trajectories. In addition, such an orderly way of crossing the intersection additionally increases the intersection capacity by two to five times and creates a pseudo-allocated lane for public transport on all highways of the city. The description of this technology is beyond the scope of this article and will be considered separately.
Here, in the framework of the implementation of the principle of "protection against a fool," we note that in this scheme there are no conflicting trajectories (for both cars and pedestrians), and therefore it is impossible to err.
That is, 20% of accidents, the cause of which is the non-observance of the sequence of travel, can not happen even theoretically.
Similarly, the issue of pedestrian safety is addressed. The existing principle of organization of pedestrian crossings so that they do not interfere with the movement of cars (hundreds of meters apart) FORCES pedestrians to become violators, since the risk of getting hit by a car is significantly less than the cost of extra hundreds of meters to the nearest crosswalk. But the way to solve this problem has been known for a long time (if the tracks in the parks are not perpendicular and parallel, but along the shortest diagonals, then no one will walk on the lawns, making their way longer). Therefore, in the system "ITS SPRUT", all pedestrian crossings are traffic-light-adjustable, and in absolutely any place where it is convenient for pedestrians. At the same time, it is possible to do without additional transition signs by writing in the traffic regulations that an adjustable transition is located under each lighting lamp, that is, approximately every 30 meters. It works like this: a pedestrian, his intention to cross the road means a stop next to the sign of a pedestrian crossing or directly under the luminaire of road lighting, but outside the waiting area of public transport. After that, the system “ITS SPRUT”, observing the interval of movement of cars and pedestrians, in this particular place creates a virtual pedestrian crossing, passing the red light to the individual traffic lights of the cars. And turns on the green light on the pedestrian IP in the car closest to the pedestrian. Thus, the IP completely and SECURELY guarantees the safety of pedestrians. That is, in contrast to the existing chaos, when the traffic light signal does not guarantee anything at all, the green light of the ITS SPRUT IP system ensures the safety of the transition, and the red ALWAYS signals danger. Its intention to cross the road means stopping next to the pedestrian crossing sign or directly under the road light but outside the waiting area of public transport. After that, the system “ITS SPRUT”, observing the interval of movement of cars and pedestrians, in this particular place creates a virtual pedestrian crossing, passing the red light to the individual traffic lights of the cars. And turns on the green light on the pedestrian IP in the car closest to the pedestrian. Thus, the IP completely and SECURELY guarantees the safety of pedestrians. That is, in contrast to the existing chaos, when the traffic light signal does not guarantee anything at all, the green light of the ITS SPRUT IP system ensures the safety of the transition, and the red ALWAYS signals danger. Its intention to cross the road means stopping next to the pedestrian crossing sign or directly under the road light but outside the waiting area of public transport. After that, the system “ITS SPRUT”, observing the interval of movement of cars and pedestrians, in this particular place creates a virtual pedestrian crossing, passing the red light to the individual traffic lights of the cars. And turns on the green light on the pedestrian IP in the car closest to the pedestrian. Thus, the IP completely and SECURELY guarantees the safety of pedestrians. That is, in contrast to the existing chaos, when the traffic light signal does not guarantee anything at all, the green light of the ITS SPRUT IP system ensures the safety of the transition, and the red ALWAYS signals danger. After that, the system “ITS SPRUT”, observing the interval of movement of cars and pedestrians, in this particular place creates a virtual pedestrian crossing, passing the red light to the individual traffic lights of the cars. And turns on the green light on the pedestrian IP in the car closest to the pedestrian. Thus, the IP completely and SECURELY guarantees the safety of pedestrians. That is, in contrast to the existing chaos, when the traffic light signal does not guarantee anything at all, the green light of the ITS SPRUT IP system ensures the safety of the transition, and the red ALWAYS signals danger. After that, the system “ITS SPRUT”, observing the interval of movement of cars and pedestrians, in this particular place creates a virtual pedestrian crossing, passing the red light to the individual traffic lights of the cars. And turns on the green light on the pedestrian IP in the car closest to the pedestrian. Thus, the IP completely and SECURELY guarantees the safety of pedestrians. That is, in contrast to the existing chaos, when the traffic light signal does not guarantee anything at all, the green light of the ITS SPRUT IP system ensures the safety of the transition, and the red ALWAYS signals danger. IP completely and uniquely guarantees the safety of pedestrians. That is, in contrast to the existing chaos, when the traffic light signal does not guarantee anything at all, the green light of the ITS SPRUT IP system ensures the safety of the transition, and the red ALWAYS signals danger. IP completely and uniquely guarantees the safety of pedestrians. That is, in contrast to the existing chaos, when the traffic light signal does not guarantee anything at all, the green light of the ITS SPRUT IP system ensures the safety of the transition, and the red ALWAYS signals danger.
Since the system "ITS SPRUT" constantly monitors all vehicles, then for each car we have ACTUAL and RELIABLE statistical information about its technical condition and inform in advance about the need for preventive repair. This completely solves the problem of technical inspection of transport.
We also have objective statistical information on the qualifications of each driver, on the basis of which, and it is necessary to issue a driver's license. And with a significant deviation of such parameters as the response time to the signs, the accuracy of determining the apex of a turn, and so on, it is possible to very accurately determine whether the driver is able to adequately control the car at a CURRENT moment in time. And from a security point of view, it doesn't matter at all whether the driver is drunk, tired, or under stress. In any case, he should prohibit driving a high-risk vehicle. Thus, an insufficiently qualified driver will not be able to get right, and a drunk will be blocked even when leaving the parking lot.
None of the accidents with the victims can not occur because of poor quality roads. All of these accidents occur due to the inconsistency of speed with the quality of the road surface, which is a consequence of the lack of reliable and advance information about the traffic situation. "ITS SPRUT" has up-to-date information both about the pits on the road and about the weather, the coefficient of traction and so on, which it receives from both road services and image analysis from cameras, and from electronic systems of passing cars. Thus, "ITS SPRUT" at each time point calculates the maximum safe speed of movement. That is, all restrictions are dynamic, and correspond to the situation in each particular place at the current time. Moreover, special signs are not needed for this, all information is transmitted to individual traffic lights of drivers.
Conclusion: the described implementation of the principle of "protection against a fool" theoretically allows you to guarantee 100% road safety with an accuracy of technical failure. But, as Einstein said: "The experiment is the only judge of scientific truth." Therefore, we will prove experimentally that in the “ITS SPRUT” system road accidents are impossible in principle, up to technical malfunction. To do this, we will build a large-scale model of the ITS SPRUT system consisting of two web cameras, providing a top view, and two radio-controlled machines, which are controlled on a computer. To prove this, we will model all the causes of accidents and experimentally prove that accidents cannot happen for any of them in the proposed system. Fully video modeling presented in the first video on the project site ekologurban.livejournal.com.
Here we consider the general principles in several examples.
On the screen of the program in real time are displayed: at the top left - video from the camera of the “ITS SPRUT” system, on the right - a diagram of the top view of the road section, at the bottom right - the speed charts of cars, on the left - controls. Since for the security system the main thing is reliability, then we will solve the problem in the simplest, most reliable and understandable graphical way. On the plan of the top view, we draw all the objects of the road and all road users plus their safety zones (sections of the road where they may be under the action of current controls for the time required for emergency braking). Thus, if the safety zone of the car intersects with any obstacle, then applying emergency braking through the IC, we are guaranteed to have time to brake without colliding with the obstacle. In the extended version, another warning zone is added, signaling a potential hazard. Its size depends on the specified driver response time. At the same time, objects can be both real and virtual, for example, a red traffic light signal, virtual road marking, virtual pedestrian crossing, road works and so on. In any case, it is impossible to face them. Thus, as long as Euclidean geometry is true, accidents are impossible even theoretically with an accuracy of a technical fault.
Let us prove the impossibility of speeding: for this it is enough to block further acceleration when speeding is exceeded, and to allow if it decreases. Consequently, even with a constant “gas to the floor” the car will be jerky, but not exceeding the set speed. Moreover, speed limits are contextual and depend on the specific place and time (for example, only during the day before schools); as well as individual, depending on the qualifications of the driver, studded rubber and so on. Thus, all the artificial deterioration of the Vision Zero road infrastructure (speed bumps, traffic calming measures, and so on) becomes, SENSE, from a security point of view!
In fact, going directly to the oncoming lane is not the cause of the accident. The reason is the wrong calculation of this maneuver and the uncoordinated actions of its participants. Consider a road with two-way traffic in one lane in each direction.
In the normal state, both lanes are separated by an insurmountable virtual barrier (solid line). Let a black car stand on one of the lanes, and a red one approaches it from behind. Firstly, ITS SPRUT constantly monitors the observance of the distance, that is, in the event of a dangerous approach to the front car, it remotely activates the brakes. Further, it is impossible to drive around a black car through a solid line, therefore, at the request of the red "ITS SPRUT", it temporarily creates a virtual section of a two-lane road with one-way traffic (in the figure above). And after the completion of the “overtaking”, this section, again, is virtually eliminated, and it is again impossible to go to the oncoming lane. Thus, a potentially dangerous overtaking with the exit into the oncoming lane is always replaced by an advance without going into the oncoming lane.
Thus, we experimentally proved a reduction in the number of fatalities in road accidents to almost zero, up to a technical failure of transport. But with the presence of the system "ITS SPRUT", most technical faults also will not lead to an accident. Since, having identified a faulty car at an early stage, "ITS SPRUT" creates for it a free corridor, sending the appropriate commands to the surrounding cars. Therefore, in most cases, a faulty car will not collide with others and will safely stop without causing serious damage. Moreover, it is fundamentally wrong to consider the consequences of technical failures as an accident, it is more correct to consider them as man-made disasters.
It is well known that any problem is best prevented rather than deal with its consequences. With the existing chaotic traffic, nothing can be guaranteed in principle (now the steering wheel is to the right and you enter the bus stop, and cannot interfere with this). Moreover, annually in the world 1 million 350 thousand people die not even in accidental accidents, but in accidents, all the participants of which, up to the very last moment, tried to avoid these accidents by all means and power, but could not. But as it was experimentally proved above, the concept of "protection against a fool" of the system "ITS SPRUT" can guarantee safety, avoiding even intentional accidents. At the same time, additional money for the system "ITS SPRUT" is not necessary! It’s just that money raised by CTP + CASCO should not be spent on the funeral of people and cars as it is now, but on
PS: since all the possibilities of “ITS SPRUT” have been proved experimentally, statements in the spirit of “This is impossible, because it is impossible never” do not make sense. Accordingly, if some of your beautiful and profitable theories of the "flat Earth" do not correspond to reality, then nothing can be done, you will have to change these outdated theories. Please note that although “everyone knows that 100% does not happen, and iron sinks in water,” ships of iron float perfectly, this is called innovation. Speaking about 100%, I deliberately try to simplify the task for the experts, since for a proof it is NOT 100% enough to give just ONE counter example. But for nine years, and more than twenty "examinations", not one such example was presented.
To be continued …
- Tougher penalties
- Enhance security by improving transport and infrastructure
- Enhancing security through the reduction of transport and infrastructure (Vision Zero)
- The prospect of replacing a human driver with a computer
- New concept: “Instead of a safe car, a safe transport system”
about the author
Author: Roman Krivosheev, inventor. Head of "ITS Octopus" team member technological competition STI "Winter City" competition website upgreat.one .
The author is the inventor of a fundamentally new approach to solving transport problems, and accordingly, the primary source of the information presented. Project site ekologurban.livejournal.com
Since the project has several dozen innovations with no analogues in the world, a series of articles is planned.
This is the first (overview) article from the cycle. All pictures are clickable.
Analysis of existing road safety concepts
Historically, the first concept was tougher penalties. Its inefficiency has become apparent long ago: even all the fines put together, plus the execution of the perpetrators, will not be able to resurrect any of those killed in an accident. And any tightening works for three years, after which the person gets used to it and everything returns to the beginning. That is, the first concept does not work at all.
By the 60s of the twentieth century, it was impossible to put up with a rapid increase in the number of dead, and automakers began to seriously improve the safety of cars (seat belts, airbags, ABS, etc.). And the cars themselves began to do, taking into account the deformation zones. In the road infrastructure appeared bump stops and separation barriers. By the nineties, it became clear that the physical limit of passive safety of cars had been reached. That is why, with the allowed speed of 110 km / h, crash tests
are carried out at a speed of only 60 km / h. Thus, the second concept was very effective, but its possibilities are almost completely exhausted.
Realizing this, at the turn of the millennium, instead of searching for a new concept of improving transport, transport populists engaged in fraud and began to LOSS the characteristics of transport and infrastructure. It was stated that cars drive too fast and this speed should be reduced in every way by both administrative and infrastructural measures. At the forefront of this concept was Sweden, which in 1997 adopted a program known as Vision Zero. The goal was declared "zero tolerance" for deaths in road accidents, with the goal of reaching zero levels by 2020. In the year to 2020, it is clear that this program has completely failed.
If you take the majority of articles on Vision Zero, then the “future growth” security schedule will end in 2010 or 2013. Why? And because after 2013 the program Vision Zero stopped working! The death toll has ceased to decline and fluctuates around 2013 values. Moreover, the forecast graph, for the statistically significant last 5 years, in Sweden gives a potential zero only by the year 2410!
But the main problem is not this, since it was still possible to achieve a serious reduction in the number of dead. The main problem is that the success of Vision Zero is greatly exaggerated, and the methods in general are frauds. Since the reduction in the number of victims of accidents is achieved not due to an increase in SAFETY, but due to the DEGRADATION of the characteristics of the transport and transport infrastructure. But this is the same as improving the safety of the saw by dulling its teeth. Yes, it will be safer, but due to the fact that it will become worse to cut. And this is the essence of all Vision Zero offers! See for yourself, all four Vision Zero directions are such frauds:
- Vision Zero requires to reduce the speed of transport to a safe 50 or even 30 km / h. But this is absurd! Let us then immediately reduce the speed to zero, or ban cars altogether. No cars, no dead from cars. That is, the best medicine is the guillotine. But before that (in the second concept), solutions were developed to increase safety without reducing speed.
- Vision Zero offers to physically spread pedestrians and vehicles, making all pedestrian crossings off-street. Yes, pedestrian safety will increase, but at the expense of reducing the convenience of pedestrians. And for older people in general fatal, since not every person can physically go up to the third floor, and then descend. And the tremendous price of extra-public transitions forced us to abandon this idea even in small and rich Sweden. However, in many countries, nodding at Vision Zero, they continue to attack the same rake.
- Vision Zero offers all country roads to do with the separation barrier in the middle. The idea is good, only for overtaking opportunities, all roads will have to be made in four lanes (two lanes in each direction). But it turned out to be too expensive even for small and rich Sweden. Therefore, we decided to save money and do not four, but three-lane roads with a “meandering lane”. Has security improved? Yes, it has risen, only it is silent, because of this, throughput has decreased on the THIRD! Paid for three bands, and bandwidth is equal to two bands.
- Discrimination motorists. Here, without comment, any discrimination is unacceptable. But the principle of fraud is the same, improving one at the expense of the other.
Yes, of course, safety is above all and expensive, but you have to understand that Vision Zero solutions are very inefficient and are not a problem treatment, but only expensive crutches. The problem is that these solutions are promoted as almost ideal and are literally imposed on other countries as having no alternatives. In particular, these ideas are spelled out in the Russian NTI road maps, and on this basis other concepts of improving road safety are simply not considered.
The fraudulent essence of Vision Zero is not a secret. And in many countries, for example in the United States, the imposition of this program encounters active resistance from people who disagree with the program “Hush going, you will continue, from the place where you go.”
If you look at the safety charts of the rich countries of the world, we will see that the death toll has stabilized everywhere and stopped falling (a slight increase in the United States is associated with a significant increase in car mileage due to cheap gasoline, and the death toll per unit mileage does not change and in the USA). Yes, this stabilization occurred for different countries at different levels. And this level directly depends on the INTENSITY of using cars in different countries. Not everyone in the 21st century wants to live in the rhythm of a 19th century village at the speed of a pedestrian. Namely, this is the meaning of Vision Zero - to make the speed of transport commensurate with the speed of a pedestrian and a bicycle.
Fortunately, lately (2020 is just around the corner), the failure of the Vision Zero program has become indirectly recognized even in Sweden. First, the dates were postponed, and then the struggle to achieve zero transformed into a movement in the direction of zero. However, the statistics for the last 5 years clearly shows that even the movement to zero is no longer. Thus, the concept of Vision Zero is a fraud. Moreover, the most important thing is that even this fraud has already stopped working.
Therefore, now they have increasingly begun to talk about the role of autopilot in improving road safety. And already here and now. But in this case we are also talking about fraud. Statements that autopilot is not based on facts are better than humans (since there is no autopilot yet, there can be no evidence that it is better than humans). And all the PR is built on Ilona Mask's “Wishbones” and his frauds with statistics. But the statistics that when using autopilot Tesla crashes occur less frequently - this is fraud, since the pseudo-auto pilot works only in simple weather and road conditions when the probability of an accident is extremely low. Most of the accidents occur in poor conditions, when the pseudo-auto pilot does not work, and, naturally, these accidents do not spoil the statistics of the pseudo auto pilot.
So let's see, and how much the concept itself, that “autopilot is better than man” is true. In fact, the only argument for this is that the computer does not make “human factor” errors. This is true, as well as the fact that a person does not make mistakes of the “computer factor”. Thus, the replacement of the "human factor" by the "computer factor" is supposed. But far from being the fact that the final amount will be positive, especially considering, for example, hackers.
There is a reasonable question, why then change the awl on the soap? Build a table:
Moreover, the shortcomings of the autopilot cannot be solved in principle, since they require not just a strong AI, but a strong artificial CONSCIOUSNESS. And he is not even in the project, but even if it appears, he will have all the rights of the PERSONAL, and it’s far from a fact that he wants to work for a person.
Thus, with formal even equality of the pros and cons of the person and the autopilot, PR people are trying to convince us that the autopilot is much safer than a person!
Even the PR people themselves began to understand this, and at CES-2019 they recognized that the fifth level of autonomy, the cause of a distant future, must be concentrated on the third level of autonomy ( Robotic mobile industry is finally becoming more realistic). Thus, by 2019, it became obvious that the promising concept of increasing security at the expense of the autopilot was at least postponed for an indefinite time.
To summarize: all existing and promising concepts for improving road safety have exhausted themselves and will not be able to significantly increase safety in the near future. And even a strong AI will not be able to solve the main problem of a promising automatic car, namely the problem of responsibility for making decisions on “stealing” real chaotic traffic with a lack of information.
Instead of a safe car, a safe transport system
But not everything is so hopeless! Analysis of the table shows a very interesting feature: where a person is bad, the computer is good and vice versa. Then there is a logical idea to make a hybrid, combining the advantages of both approaches and free from their shortcomings. Thus, the greatest security, with the existing and future level of development of AI, will not be an irresponsible autopilot, but such a hybrid version:
“Man is responsible for everything. Electronics gives prompts (systems for marking, road signs, blind spots control, etc.) and can execute one last driver command (stay in the lane, change lane, maintain distance, park). The electronics can block the driver’s unambiguously dangerous actions (emergency braking systems). ”
Obviously, this potential option does not guarantee the absence of the dead as well, although the person is responsible for the results of “settling” the existing chaotic traffic, but the results of the “breaking” are very far from ideal. Moreover, it is impossible to theoretically order CHAOS even theoretically (the task of the trolley). So we finally found the main road safety problem! You just need to get rid of this chaos on the roads! That is, the existing CHAOTIC traffic, when everyone is driving as he wants, and the traffic rules are only of an advisory nature, should be replaced with “initially ordered PLANNED traffic controlled by automatic central dispatching”. And the plan itself should be designed so that, in principle, there are no ambiguous situations for which it would be necessary to answer. In this way, the driver is only a performer and is responsible only for the correct execution of the automatic dispatch solutions. And since the execution of decisions, even a simple computer can be significantly better than a person, then a full-fledged automatic car is obtained by itself, as a free by-product, and does not require any intelligence at all.
Such a fundamentally new concept is able to completely solve the problems of transport safety here and now, and its one-time cost is several times lower than the annual official damage from road accidents. This concept was developed by the author and implemented in the Intelligent Transport System of Full Regulation and Transport Management (ITS SPRUT). Its essence: instead of writing meaningless penalties for traffic violations that have already been committed, we need the well-known “fool protection” system, which will not even allow deliberately to violate the traffic rules. And although an absolutely safe car is impossible (if you do not crash, you will crash into you), it is easy to create an absolutely safe centralized transport system that can guarantee 100% safety with an accuracy of technical malfunction.
A small educational program on the properties of the classical central dispatch: any such system can only be COMPLETE and MANDATORY for all its participants. However, it turned out that the overwhelming majority of “experts” do not understand this. Although these properties are fairly obvious: imagine how the central dispatching system at the aerodrome will work if the dispatcher controls only half of the runway, or if at least one pilot will not obey the dispatcher's commands.
Consider the principle of "ITS SPRUT"
First, we need complete information about traffic, which cannot be obtained theoretically from a car (there are no technologies installed in a car that can see a child even behind a car). And no even promising systems “Car to X” will be able to solve the problem, since even theoretically they cannot be complete, and at a certain stage they even DECREASE security. (In the center the view from the car, when it is still possible to stop)
Therefore, an external system of constant monitoring of all roads, organized on the cellular principle. "ITS SPRUT" consists of the simplest cameras with a large viewing angle, directed from the top downwards from the existing lighting pillars. As a result, “ITS SPRUT” in real time has a plan of the top view of all roads, on which in principle there can be no dead zones, since each point is viewed diagonally from four cameras (reliability of duplication at the level of combat fighters). Thus, the problem of lack of information is completely solved. The price of such a system is $ 10,000 per kilometer. That is, the one-time cost for all of Russia is approximately equal to the annual payments for OSAGO + CASCO, and three times less than the annual official damage from road accidents.
Second, to safely resolve all conflict situations, a central dispatch system is needed, as in aviation, only in automatic mode. That is, all conflict places on the hearse become traffic lights adjustable. To do this, it is enough to install an “individual traffic light” (IS) in each vehicle with constant two-way communication with ITS SPRUT. Outside in front of each car is installed LED strip, performing the role of IP for pedestrians. Thus, the problem of interaction between ALL road users has been completely solved. The cost of IP from three thousand rubles, which is less than the average cost of a child car seat.
Therefore, the installation of IP can be made mandatory. It works like this. On the IC screen, real-time information is displayed: a plan of the top view, accurate and up-to-date information about navigation, the effect of current road signs, maximum speed, green wave speed and so on. For convenience, all the information necessary for management is duplicated by voice and LED strips on the principle of traffic lights. For example, an absolutely safe turn is as follows: including the left turn signal, the driver sends a request for turning to the "ITS SPRUT" system. After the security check, at the time of the beginning of the turn, the green signal on the LED tape of the left turn lights up. The horizontal tape determines the speed mode relative to the speed of the green wave, and the blinking frequency determines the deviation. Consider speeding: let the driver hit the gas. Having calculated the speed and acceleration, "ITS SPRUT" includes the first warning - red flashing with a large interval, meaning that if we continue acceleration at the same pace, then in a few seconds the permissible speed will be exceeded. If the driver ignores it, the blinking frequency increases and the second warning is transmitted over the speakerphone. If his driver ignored, then we have documented objective data that the driver is not able to adequately drive a car. Therefore, the system "ITS SPRUT" in the car remotely includes emergency braking and sends the nearest special services car to this place. that if we continue acceleration at the same pace, then in a few seconds the permissible speed will be exceeded. If the driver ignores it, the blinking frequency increases and the second warning is transmitted over the speakerphone. If his driver ignored, then we have documented objective data that the driver is not able to adequately drive a car. Therefore, the system "ITS SPRUT" in the car remotely includes emergency braking and sends the nearest special services car to this place. that if we continue acceleration at the same pace, then in a few seconds the permissible speed will be exceeded. If the driver ignores it, the blinking frequency increases and the second warning is transmitted over the speakerphone. If his driver ignored, then we have documented objective data that the driver is not able to adequately drive a car. Therefore, the system "ITS SPRUT" in the car remotely includes emergency braking and sends the nearest special services car to this place. then we have documented objective data that the driver is not able to adequately drive a car. Therefore, the system "ITS SPRUT" in the car remotely includes emergency braking and sends the nearest special services car to this place. then we have documented objective data that the driver is not able to adequately drive a car. Therefore, the system "ITS SPRUT" in the car remotely includes emergency braking and sends the nearest special services car to this place.
Third, the central dispatch allows you to create an absolutely safe individual RIGHT trajectory for each transport. This "Customized Route" is ordered and obtained through the IP or the Internet (similar to ordering a taxi). Previously, each trajectory is checked for safety by virtual graphic modeling, that is, the absence of intersections with the trajectories of other road users. Moreover, the trajectories are laid so as to completely avoid or at least minimize the consequences of potential technical malfunctions, for example, the possibility of a coup into the oncoming lane of the truck when turning and so on is taken into account in advance. Thus, the existing unpredictable movement always becomes fully and in advance KNOWN, and the problem of lack of information is completely absent. I.e,
Structurally, "ITS SPRUT" is built as a distributed cellular network with hierarchical logistics (similar to cellular networks). Thus, the system "ITS SPRUT" is scaled almost linearly, but, unlike the cellular telephone network, it is basically impossible to overload. Since the number of objects within each cell is physically limited by the area of the road.
As a result, a system is obtained in which the trajectories of each transport are NOT dependent on other road users. Accordingly, it is not necessary to predict and predict the actions of other participants. So you do not have to be responsible for the actions of 3d fools on the road and Baranoped walkers. In the system "ITS SPRUT" all road users are responsible only for themselves, namely, just for the precise execution of the instructions of the automatic dispatcher. Thus, the absurd responsibility for the actions of other road users, which in principle cannot be influenced, completely disappears.
Since for each transport there is a clear and unambiguous traffic plan, then ITS SPRUT can, through an individual traffic light, give advance warning of ALL potentially dangerous situations. Accordingly, it becomes impossible to accidentally violate traffic rules, and there are NO fines at all, since there is no sense to punish for random and immediately corrected violations.
And the fourth, if the driver still ignored the warnings, and, accordingly, intentionally violated the traffic rules, then such a car must be forcibly stopped, and the driver has no alternative to revoke the driver's license. To do this, it is enough to install a remotely controlled brake in each car (an analogue of the crane stop in trains).
Which, in the simplest case, consists of an electric motor rigidly attached to the car body so as not to interfere with the usual brake pedal operation. The engine is controlled by the system "ITS SPRUT" through an individual traffic light in each car. This ensures that not only the number of the dead, but also the number of accidents in general, will be reduced to almost zero, up to a technical failure. Similarly, the problems of rudeness, improper parking and so on are also COMPLETELY solved. For any car ownership or attempt to drive the wrong parking simply will not receive a PERMISSION from "ITS SPRUT".
At the same time, the security of the ITS SPRUT system itself from external hacking is in principle unattainable for existing and prospective systems. But this is a separate and too big topic. Therefore, together with the topic of total control and protection of personal data will be discussed in a separate article.
All the solutions described were experimentally tested on the full-featured “ITS SPRUT” sample, which is responsible for 120 meters of the road and one intersection. Consider her work. Cameras are installed on the balcony of a residential building at the height of the top point of a standard road lighting ceiling (approximately 12 meters). The task of the ITS SPRUT system is to determine in real time the coordinates of all moving objects within the road network and display them on a plan of the top view to determine the safety of their movement.
The figure shows the work of the system SPRUT of three autonomous cells. Honeycombs are joined with each other with small overlaps, realizing the principle “the object has received, the object has passed”.
At the top of the cell that acts as a server, at the bottom of the cell are one and two clients. The server additionally draws a plan of the top view. Principle of operation: 30 times per second, each cell receives from the server a very small batch of coordinates of objects that are in its visibility zone according to data from previous frames. Then, using the data of the simplest motion detector, specifies the coordinates of each object in the current frame. Thus, the classical task of recognizing arbitrary three-dimensional objects on a changing three-dimensional background, unsolvable without strong artificial intelligence, we reduced to the task of not even tracking, but of refining the coordinates of objects on a fixed flat background. That is, as simple as possible and, accordingly, as reliable as possible, requiring a minimum computational power, is significantly less than for encoding video in ip cameras. Each cell then sends a packet with these specified coordinates to the server. At the same time, the amount of information transmitted over the network is thousands of times less than with the classical video transmission to a single center. Accordingly, no need for expensive broadband lines. The server, having received duplicated information from all the cells, selects the most accurate and generates a new actual package of coordinates of objects, which is displayed in the top view. After that, the road safety is checked graphically for safety (no objects and their safety zones in the top view diagram should intersect). Then dispatching is performed, that is, an unambiguous solution of all disputable situations, for example, the sequence of travel. As a result, a data packet for each transport is formed and transmitted. Further, this cycle is repeated for each next frame.
To accurately determine the coordinates of the cars, it is enough to place a contrasting rectangle on the upper trunk of the car (and in the future and directly on the roof), which will bring the reliability and verifiability of the coordinates to an excessive level (better than one centimeter). The photo view from the camera of the mobile version of the infrastructure "ITS SPRUT"
The problem is not only in the human factor
Unfortunately, the chaos of the road is created not only by the “human factor” of drivers and pedestrians, but also by the ABSURD traffic rules, which initially provide for conflict situations, for example, at intersections. Therefore, within the framework of the “protection against a fool” concept, it is necessary to change the traffic rules along intersections so that there will be no conflict situations (intersecting trajectories) at all:
- Since the entire road network is constantly monitored by the ITS SPRUT system, absolutely all intersections and pedestrian crossings are traffic lights and adjustable. And for this, real traffic lights are not needed at all, since all signals are transmitted directly to individual traffic lights in each car.
- It is necessary to abandon the existing method of adjusting the intersection, when the green light is on at the same time to all road users in one of the directions (straight, left, right + straight for pedestrians having priority). This problem is typical for both two-phase and four-phase traffic lights.
It is clear that with such conflict overlapping trajectories of an accident are inevitable. Therefore, a new intersection scheme is needed in which both cars and pedestrians always move along the safest non-intersecting trajectories. In addition, such an orderly way of crossing the intersection additionally increases the intersection capacity by two to five times and creates a pseudo-allocated lane for public transport on all highways of the city. The description of this technology is beyond the scope of this article and will be considered separately.
Here, in the framework of the implementation of the principle of "protection against a fool," we note that in this scheme there are no conflicting trajectories (for both cars and pedestrians), and therefore it is impossible to err.
That is, 20% of accidents, the cause of which is the non-observance of the sequence of travel, can not happen even theoretically.
Similarly, the issue of pedestrian safety is addressed. The existing principle of organization of pedestrian crossings so that they do not interfere with the movement of cars (hundreds of meters apart) FORCES pedestrians to become violators, since the risk of getting hit by a car is significantly less than the cost of extra hundreds of meters to the nearest crosswalk. But the way to solve this problem has been known for a long time (if the tracks in the parks are not perpendicular and parallel, but along the shortest diagonals, then no one will walk on the lawns, making their way longer). Therefore, in the system "ITS SPRUT", all pedestrian crossings are traffic-light-adjustable, and in absolutely any place where it is convenient for pedestrians. At the same time, it is possible to do without additional transition signs by writing in the traffic regulations that an adjustable transition is located under each lighting lamp, that is, approximately every 30 meters. It works like this: a pedestrian, his intention to cross the road means a stop next to the sign of a pedestrian crossing or directly under the luminaire of road lighting, but outside the waiting area of public transport. After that, the system “ITS SPRUT”, observing the interval of movement of cars and pedestrians, in this particular place creates a virtual pedestrian crossing, passing the red light to the individual traffic lights of the cars. And turns on the green light on the pedestrian IP in the car closest to the pedestrian. Thus, the IP completely and SECURELY guarantees the safety of pedestrians. That is, in contrast to the existing chaos, when the traffic light signal does not guarantee anything at all, the green light of the ITS SPRUT IP system ensures the safety of the transition, and the red ALWAYS signals danger. Its intention to cross the road means stopping next to the pedestrian crossing sign or directly under the road light but outside the waiting area of public transport. After that, the system “ITS SPRUT”, observing the interval of movement of cars and pedestrians, in this particular place creates a virtual pedestrian crossing, passing the red light to the individual traffic lights of the cars. And turns on the green light on the pedestrian IP in the car closest to the pedestrian. Thus, the IP completely and SECURELY guarantees the safety of pedestrians. That is, in contrast to the existing chaos, when the traffic light signal does not guarantee anything at all, the green light of the ITS SPRUT IP system ensures the safety of the transition, and the red ALWAYS signals danger. Its intention to cross the road means stopping next to the pedestrian crossing sign or directly under the road light but outside the waiting area of public transport. After that, the system “ITS SPRUT”, observing the interval of movement of cars and pedestrians, in this particular place creates a virtual pedestrian crossing, passing the red light to the individual traffic lights of the cars. And turns on the green light on the pedestrian IP in the car closest to the pedestrian. Thus, the IP completely and SECURELY guarantees the safety of pedestrians. That is, in contrast to the existing chaos, when the traffic light signal does not guarantee anything at all, the green light of the ITS SPRUT IP system ensures the safety of the transition, and the red ALWAYS signals danger. After that, the system “ITS SPRUT”, observing the interval of movement of cars and pedestrians, in this particular place creates a virtual pedestrian crossing, passing the red light to the individual traffic lights of the cars. And turns on the green light on the pedestrian IP in the car closest to the pedestrian. Thus, the IP completely and SECURELY guarantees the safety of pedestrians. That is, in contrast to the existing chaos, when the traffic light signal does not guarantee anything at all, the green light of the ITS SPRUT IP system ensures the safety of the transition, and the red ALWAYS signals danger. After that, the system “ITS SPRUT”, observing the interval of movement of cars and pedestrians, in this particular place creates a virtual pedestrian crossing, passing the red light to the individual traffic lights of the cars. And turns on the green light on the pedestrian IP in the car closest to the pedestrian. Thus, the IP completely and SECURELY guarantees the safety of pedestrians. That is, in contrast to the existing chaos, when the traffic light signal does not guarantee anything at all, the green light of the ITS SPRUT IP system ensures the safety of the transition, and the red ALWAYS signals danger. IP completely and uniquely guarantees the safety of pedestrians. That is, in contrast to the existing chaos, when the traffic light signal does not guarantee anything at all, the green light of the ITS SPRUT IP system ensures the safety of the transition, and the red ALWAYS signals danger. IP completely and uniquely guarantees the safety of pedestrians. That is, in contrast to the existing chaos, when the traffic light signal does not guarantee anything at all, the green light of the ITS SPRUT IP system ensures the safety of the transition, and the red ALWAYS signals danger.
Since the system "ITS SPRUT" constantly monitors all vehicles, then for each car we have ACTUAL and RELIABLE statistical information about its technical condition and inform in advance about the need for preventive repair. This completely solves the problem of technical inspection of transport.
We also have objective statistical information on the qualifications of each driver, on the basis of which, and it is necessary to issue a driver's license. And with a significant deviation of such parameters as the response time to the signs, the accuracy of determining the apex of a turn, and so on, it is possible to very accurately determine whether the driver is able to adequately control the car at a CURRENT moment in time. And from a security point of view, it doesn't matter at all whether the driver is drunk, tired, or under stress. In any case, he should prohibit driving a high-risk vehicle. Thus, an insufficiently qualified driver will not be able to get right, and a drunk will be blocked even when leaving the parking lot.
None of the accidents with the victims can not occur because of poor quality roads. All of these accidents occur due to the inconsistency of speed with the quality of the road surface, which is a consequence of the lack of reliable and advance information about the traffic situation. "ITS SPRUT" has up-to-date information both about the pits on the road and about the weather, the coefficient of traction and so on, which it receives from both road services and image analysis from cameras, and from electronic systems of passing cars. Thus, "ITS SPRUT" at each time point calculates the maximum safe speed of movement. That is, all restrictions are dynamic, and correspond to the situation in each particular place at the current time. Moreover, special signs are not needed for this, all information is transmitted to individual traffic lights of drivers.
Conclusion: the described implementation of the principle of "protection against a fool" theoretically allows you to guarantee 100% road safety with an accuracy of technical failure. But, as Einstein said: "The experiment is the only judge of scientific truth." Therefore, we will prove experimentally that in the “ITS SPRUT” system road accidents are impossible in principle, up to technical malfunction. To do this, we will build a large-scale model of the ITS SPRUT system consisting of two web cameras, providing a top view, and two radio-controlled machines, which are controlled on a computer. To prove this, we will model all the causes of accidents and experimentally prove that accidents cannot happen for any of them in the proposed system. Fully video modeling presented in the first video on the project site ekologurban.livejournal.com.
Here we consider the general principles in several examples.
On the screen of the program in real time are displayed: at the top left - video from the camera of the “ITS SPRUT” system, on the right - a diagram of the top view of the road section, at the bottom right - the speed charts of cars, on the left - controls. Since for the security system the main thing is reliability, then we will solve the problem in the simplest, most reliable and understandable graphical way. On the plan of the top view, we draw all the objects of the road and all road users plus their safety zones (sections of the road where they may be under the action of current controls for the time required for emergency braking). Thus, if the safety zone of the car intersects with any obstacle, then applying emergency braking through the IC, we are guaranteed to have time to brake without colliding with the obstacle. In the extended version, another warning zone is added, signaling a potential hazard. Its size depends on the specified driver response time. At the same time, objects can be both real and virtual, for example, a red traffic light signal, virtual road marking, virtual pedestrian crossing, road works and so on. In any case, it is impossible to face them. Thus, as long as Euclidean geometry is true, accidents are impossible even theoretically with an accuracy of a technical fault.
Let us prove the impossibility of speeding: for this it is enough to block further acceleration when speeding is exceeded, and to allow if it decreases. Consequently, even with a constant “gas to the floor” the car will be jerky, but not exceeding the set speed. Moreover, speed limits are contextual and depend on the specific place and time (for example, only during the day before schools); as well as individual, depending on the qualifications of the driver, studded rubber and so on. Thus, all the artificial deterioration of the Vision Zero road infrastructure (speed bumps, traffic calming measures, and so on) becomes, SENSE, from a security point of view!
An example of modeling the impossibility of "leaving the oncoming"
In fact, going directly to the oncoming lane is not the cause of the accident. The reason is the wrong calculation of this maneuver and the uncoordinated actions of its participants. Consider a road with two-way traffic in one lane in each direction.
In the normal state, both lanes are separated by an insurmountable virtual barrier (solid line). Let a black car stand on one of the lanes, and a red one approaches it from behind. Firstly, ITS SPRUT constantly monitors the observance of the distance, that is, in the event of a dangerous approach to the front car, it remotely activates the brakes. Further, it is impossible to drive around a black car through a solid line, therefore, at the request of the red "ITS SPRUT", it temporarily creates a virtual section of a two-lane road with one-way traffic (in the figure above). And after the completion of the “overtaking”, this section, again, is virtually eliminated, and it is again impossible to go to the oncoming lane. Thus, a potentially dangerous overtaking with the exit into the oncoming lane is always replaced by an advance without going into the oncoming lane.
All other causes of accidents are modeled in the same way.
Thus, we experimentally proved a reduction in the number of fatalities in road accidents to almost zero, up to a technical failure of transport. But with the presence of the system "ITS SPRUT", most technical faults also will not lead to an accident. Since, having identified a faulty car at an early stage, "ITS SPRUT" creates for it a free corridor, sending the appropriate commands to the surrounding cars. Therefore, in most cases, a faulty car will not collide with others and will safely stop without causing serious damage. Moreover, it is fundamentally wrong to consider the consequences of technical failures as an accident, it is more correct to consider them as man-made disasters.
Conclusion
It is well known that any problem is best prevented rather than deal with its consequences. With the existing chaotic traffic, nothing can be guaranteed in principle (now the steering wheel is to the right and you enter the bus stop, and cannot interfere with this). Moreover, annually in the world 1 million 350 thousand people die not even in accidental accidents, but in accidents, all the participants of which, up to the very last moment, tried to avoid these accidents by all means and power, but could not. But as it was experimentally proved above, the concept of "protection against a fool" of the system "ITS SPRUT" can guarantee safety, avoiding even intentional accidents. At the same time, additional money for the system "ITS SPRUT" is not necessary! It’s just that money raised by CTP + CASCO should not be spent on the funeral of people and cars as it is now, but on
PS: since all the possibilities of “ITS SPRUT” have been proved experimentally, statements in the spirit of “This is impossible, because it is impossible never” do not make sense. Accordingly, if some of your beautiful and profitable theories of the "flat Earth" do not correspond to reality, then nothing can be done, you will have to change these outdated theories. Please note that although “everyone knows that 100% does not happen, and iron sinks in water,” ships of iron float perfectly, this is called innovation. Speaking about 100%, I deliberately try to simplify the task for the experts, since for a proof it is NOT 100% enough to give just ONE counter example. But for nine years, and more than twenty "examinations", not one such example was presented.
To be continued …