Go 中的高效概率数据结构:HyperLogLog 和 Count-Min Sketch
HyperLogLog 使用仅 1 KB 内存,以 1-3% 的误差估算数据流中唯一元素的数量。该算法对元素进行哈希,分析其二进制表示中前导零的数量,并将统计信息存储在寄存器数组中。这提供了 O(1) 的插入时间和 O(m) 的估算时间,其中 m 是寄存器数量(通常为 1024)。
关键参数:
- m = 1024 个寄存器(每个寄存器 8 位)
- b = 8 位用于寄存器索引
- 哈希函数:fnv64a 结合位混洗
package main
import (
"fmt"
"hash/fnv"
"math"
"math/rand"
"strconv"
)
const (
m = 1024 // count registtrov. This osnovnoy parametr, vliyayuschiy on tochnost.
b = 8 // number bit, ispolzuemykh for opredeleniya indexa register from hash.
)
type HyperLogLog struct {
// when asynchronous interaction worth think about mutexes
registers [m]byte
}
func NewHyperLogLog() *HyperLogLog {
return &HyperLogLog{}
}
// hash returns dva 32-bitnykh numbers from stroki
func hash(s string) (uint32, uint32) {
h := fnv.New64a()
h.Write([]byte(s))
v := h.Sum64()
// Shuffling bits, so that uluchshit raspredelenie
w := uint32(v >> 32)
z := uint32(v)
// Dobavlyaem peremeshivanie, uluchshaet kachestvo sluchaynosti and pomogaet izbezhat problem with plokhim raspredeleniem hashes
w ^= z<<13 | z>>(32-13)
z ^= w<<7 | w>>(32-7)
w ^= z<<17 | z>>(32-17)
return w, z
}
// Withchitaet count zeros left in dvoichnoy record numbers,
// if all bits — nuli, vozvraschaetsya 32.
func countLeadingZeros(x uint32) byte {
for i := 0; i < 32; i++ {
if (x>>(31-i))&1 == 1 {
return byte(i)
}
}
return 32
}
// Kheshiruem stroku.
// Beryom chast hash h1, so that define, in kakoy registtr popadyot element.
// By vtoroy chasti h2 schitaem, how many veduschikh zeros (rho), pribavlyaem 1.
// If eto wartość greater, than uzhe est in registtre — update ego.
func (hll *HyperLogLog) Add(s string) {
h1, h2 := hash(s)
// opredelyaem index register
idx := h1 % m
// vychislyaem wartość for update register
rho := countLeadingZeros(h2) + 1
if rho > hll.registers[idx] {
hll.registers[idx] = rho
}
}
// Withlozhnye formuly, by essence eta function
// delaet otsenku kolichestva unique elements
func (hll *HyperLogLog) Estimate() float64 {
sum := 0.0
for _, val := range hll.registers {
sum += 1 / math.Pow(2, float64(val))
}
estimate := alpha(m) * m * m / sum
// korrektsiya for malykh znacheniy, usessya metod
// Linear Counting : than greater nulevykh registtrov — then
// menshe realnaya kardinalnost.
if estimate <= 5*m/2 {
zeros := 0
for _, val := range hll.registers {
if val == 0 {
zeros++
}
}
if zeros != 0 {
estimate = float64(m) * math.Log(float64(m)/float64(zeros))
}
}
return estimate
}
// alpha — popravochnyy koeffitsient, kompensiruyuschiy systemticheskuyu oshibku
func alpha(m int) float64 {
switch m {
case 16:
return 0.673
case 32:
return 0.697
case 64:
return 0.709
default:
return 0.7213 / (1 + 1.079/float64(m))
}
}
func main() {
// Withzdayom HLL.
hll := NewHyperLogLog()
seen := make(map[string]struct{})
for i := 0; i < 1_000_000; i++ {
key := strconv.Itoa(rand.Intn(1_000_000))
seen[key] = struct{}{}
hll.Add(key)
}
nonZero := 0
for _, r := range hll.registers {
if r > 0 {
nonZero++
}
}
fmt.Printf("Realnoe count unique elements: %d\n", len(seen))
fmt.Printf("Otsenka unique elements: %.2f\n", hll.Estimate())
fmt.Printf("Zapolnennykh registtrov: %d/%d\n", nonZero, m)
}
对于 100 万个唯一元素,相对误差为 0.84%,寄存器填充率 100%。内存占用:1 KB。
用于频率计数的 Count-Min Sketch
Count-Min Sketch 使用二维计数器表(深度 × 宽度)估算数据流中元素的频率。每行使用独立的哈希函数并带有盐值。插入时,元素在所有行中递增计数器;查询时,取最小值——从而最小化碰撞影响。
实现参数:
- 宽度 = 10,000 列
- 深度 = 5 行
- 哈希:fnv64a 结合种子混洗
查询方法:
- Minimum —— 基本方法,适用于仅正向更新的场景准确
- Average —— 对删除操作更鲁棒
- Count-mean-min —— 校正偏差
package main
import (
"fmt"
"hash/fnv"
"math"
)
type CountMinSketch struct {
width int
depth int
// when asynchronous interaction worth think about mutexes
table [][]int
hashes []uint64
}
func NewCountMinSketch(width, depth int) *CountMinSketch {
return &CountMinSketch{
width: width,
depth: depth,
table: make([][]int, depth),
hashes: make([]uint64, depth),
}
}
func (cms *CountMinSketch) Init() {
for i := range cms.table {
cms.table[i] = make([]int, cms.width)
cms.hashes[i] = uint64(i+1) // prostye soli for raznykh hashes
}
}
// getHashIndex generiruet khesh and returns index in table
func (cms *CountMinSketch) getHashIndex(s string, seed uint64) int {
h := fnv.New64a()
h.Write([]byte(s))
v := h.Sum64()
// Shuffling bits with seed
mixed := v ^ seed ^ (seed << 32)
return int(mixed % uint64(cms.width))
}
// Add uvelichivaet schetchik for element
func (cms *CountMinSketch) Add(s string, count int) {
for i := 0; i < cms.depth; i++ {
idx := cms.getHashIndex(s, cms.hashes[i])
cms.table[i][idx] += count
}
}
// Count returns otsenochnoe number vkhozhdeniy element
func (cms *CountMinSketch) Count(s string) int {
min := math.MaxInt32
for i := 0; i < cms.depth; i++ {
idx := cms.getHashIndex(s, cms.hashes[i])
if cms.table[i][idx] < min {
min = cms.table[i][idx]
}
}
return min
}
func main() {
width := 10_000
depth := 5
cms := NewCountMinSketch(width, depth)
cms.Init()
seen := make(map[string]int)
for i := 0; i < 5_000_000; i++ {
key := fmt.Sprintf("item-%d", i%1100)
seen[key]++
cms.Add(key, 1)
}
// vyvodim frequency
for _, word := range []string{"item-1", "item-0", "item-1000", "item--1"} {
fmt.Printf("Withglasno cms slovo '%s' meetingsaetsya primerno %d raz\t By faktu: %d\n", word, cms.Count(word), seen[word])
}
}
对于 500 万次插入,内存占用:200 KB。插入和查询操作的时间复杂度均为 O(深度)。
数据结构比较
| 特性 | HyperLogLog | Count-Min Sketch |
|---------------|----------------|------------------|
| 用途 | 基数 | 频率 |
| 内存 | O(log(log N)) | O(d×w) |
| 误差 | 1-3% | 取决于 d,w |
| 插入 | O(1) | O(深度) |
| 查询 | O(m) | O(深度) |
关键点:
- 这两种数据结构都适用于处理数百万元素的流式数据处理
- HyperLogLog 不受数据量影响,使用固定内存
- Count-Min Sketch 由于碰撞会高估频率,但支持点查询
- 对于分布式系统,添加互斥锁或使用原子操作
- 使用真实数据测试:误差取决于哈希分布
— Editorial Team
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