Inside View: Graduate School at EPFL. Part 1

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Recently, the look of articles on Habré is popular that describes postgraduate studies, internships, or even immigration to permanent residence in various corners of the globe: from Australia ( 1 and 2 ) to Slovakia . Probably, the next two articles I most want to share experience with those who are still looking for themselves and for themselves, and to describe as much as possible what it looks like from the inside - leaving for foreign countries to graduate school.



Note: for ease of reading, all material is divided into two parts: admission and actual life in the country.

Foreword


“We fought for a very long time
so that if there is a desire to leave somewhere,
it could be realized.
If you want to leave, go, ”
D.A. Medvedev at a meeting with students at Moscow State University.

In the summer of last 2012, I stopped writing articles for Habr, as the only goal at that time was to enter the EPFL. And it’s not that there wasn’t any ready-made material or thoughts that I would like to share with Habr’s readers, it was such a situation that I actually survived from the graduate school of Moscow State University with a completely trivial and silly wording: “for not participating in the scientific and production activities of the laboratory.

Well, what can you do if the writing of popular science and well-received by respected readers of Habré and a number of other sites ( Nanometer, 3DNews , etc.) articles devoted to the study of microelectronic devices using various types of microscopy is no longer such an activity (by the way, my group is called the “electron microscopy group”) ...

As soon as this threat loomed, I had to look for an asymmetric answer - after all, we Russians love asymmetric answers so much, because I absolutely could not bend under the system. For me, this would mean burying and simply erasing from life all those hours and days spent on preparing articles, as well as parting with a sense of freedom in choosing the direction of movement for the degree of candidate of sciences. It's like living in a cage in a zoo. Pretty quickly decided on the place - École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne ( EPFL ). According tohe is in 29th position in one of the world ratings , slightly behind his sister - ETH Zurich , which is located on line 13. Unfortunately, Moscow State University is not even included in the top100 .

And then, at that time, nothing in the Russian Federation held me at all, and the illusions, which until then had kept me in my homeland, somehow disappeared by themselves.

Lyrical digression
Как на конференцию ездил или сказ об РФФИ и государственное финансирование науки

Выстрела в спину не ожидает никто…
…Кто вы такие? Вас здесь не ждут!
Но парус, порвали парус! Каюсь-каюсь-каюсь

Не хотелось бы мне затрагивать данную тематику (она несколько политизирована), но в ракурсе того, что со мной произошло, я просто не могу этого не сделать.

Итак, в принципе, ни для кого не секрет, что фактически государственное финансирование научных исследований себя исчерпало. Исчерпало не в том смысле, что закончились деньги или не покупается оборудование, оно исчерпало себя морально. Недаром фольклор научного люда зачастую сводится к фразам типа «Миллион за килограмм» в отношении проектов, финансируемых по линии Министерства образования и науки, РФФИ и т.д.

Однако учёные народ благоразумный и не любящий выносит сор из избы, поэтому никто и никогда не приходит на ТВ в передачи «скандалы-интриги-расследования», а спокойно и мирно работают на благо Родины, пока не случается что-то экстраординарное. Таковым явились мега-гранты и резонное непонимание со стороны западных профессоров, почему они не могут получить нужные для работы по этим грантам материалы в разумные сроки. Дошло даже до того, что приглашённый профессор обратился лично к президенту с целью разрешения ситуации. В минувшем году – грандиозные задержки по выплатам за уже выигранные гранты.

И кажется со стороны, что в России есть наука, она развивается и, в принципе, всё хорошо. «Пациент скорее жив, чем мёртв», — сообщают нам с голубых – простите, вчерашний век – чёрных экранов мониторов, рапортуя об успешном вводе в строй «Сколково», создании где-то каких-то кластеров, открытии полудостроенного университета на острове Русский, проводят РосНаноФорумы и т.д. Взгляните на свои новостные ленты и хоть пару слов о достижениях российской науки Вы обязательно там найдёте. Увы, на настоящий момент российская наука – это лишь хорошо одетая кукла Барби абсолютно пустая, а зачастую прогнившая изнутри. Потёмкинская деревня «времён очаковских и покоренья Крыма»

Почему, спросите Вы? Ответов может быть бесчисленное множество: от низкой зарплаты до любви к показухе. Официально ставка кандидата химических наук в должности младшего научного сотрудника в МГУ редко дотягивает до 15-16 тысяч (да-да, забудьте, что ректор МГУ говорит – это ставка + все возможные субсидии и надбавки + деньги с грантов, которых обычно несколько + премии). Да что там далеко за примерами ходить, вот прямым текстом проректор по науке сказал, что 50 тысяч – это смотря, как посчитать. Теперь же поищите на hh.ru сколько получает курьер или уборщица. А не кажется ли многоуважаемому читателю, что Сколково – это та самая показуха, что есть прекрасные центры в Дубне (даже со своим синхротроном!), Обнинске, Новосибирске, Томске и т.д. Зачем надо было вбухивать уйму денег в инфраструктуру Сколково, если можно просто обновить парк оборудования в указанных центрах, увеличить количество ставок и поднять базовую рыночную «стоимость» кандидата наук хотя бы до уровня в 50-70 тысяч?! «Не даёт ответа» (Н.В. Гоголь)

Хорошо, в наших смехотворных грантах по 1, 2, 3 млн рублей просто нет денег на поездки на стажировки (не все зарубежные университеты щедры), конференции и т.д., но есть в арсенале РФФИ грант с шифром «моб» (сокращение от слова мобильность), который предполагает 1 поездку (моб_з) за рубеж и 1 поездку России (моб_г) для участия в научной конференции. Гениальная идея, ведь мы поддерживаем молодых учёных, даём им возможность завязать контакты с иностранными или отечественными коллегами и прочая, и прочая, и прочая…

К сожалению, оба раза меня подвела моя наивность в декларируемость, но не обязательность к исполнению чего бы то ни было на территории нашей необъятной Родины.

Первый раз я хотел принять участие в EMRS spring meeting. Мои тезисы прошли конкурсный отбор для представления в рамках постерной сессии. Заявка написана и отправлена. Жду ответа. Месяц остаётся до конференции, за две недели до предполагаемого отъезда приходит ответ «заявка отклонена». По горячим следам пробиваем почему, ведь конференция «сильная», доклад пусть даже и постерный на ней – это своего рода достижение. Оказывается, с нашего факультета было подано «слишком много заявок», да и вообще моб_з больше ориентирован на аспирантов (я был тогда студентом последнего курса). Простите, но что за WTF?! Ладно, постер всё равно подготовил – принял участие заочно. Спасибо, коллегам-аспирантам, которые поехали!

Второй раз – уже в статусе аспиранта. Конференция была выбрана из топовых, но о которой мало кто знал у нас на факультете, хотят как оказалось в последствие – очень хорошо в институтах РАН. Кстати, пройдёт она в следующий раз в Москве в 2014 году (таки всё-таки пробили). И, о чудо, РФФИ подтверждает получение гранта! При этом особенность всей нашей науки такова: результат за свой счёт сейчас, а деньги – ну послезавтра подходите…


Welcome-party у бассейна в 5-ти звёздочном отеле, где проходила конференция


Вход в цитадель госпитальеров


Вдалеке виднеется Турция


Вид из крепости на Средиземное море


Завершающая вечеринка и банкет

Итак, за свой счёт съездил, немножко отдохнул, познакомился с массой интересных людей, как из РФ, так и из Европы, и даже Мексики. И пришёл день расплаты. По возвращении необходимо сдать отчёт по расходам (не будем вдаваться в подробности маразма с переводом чеков на русский язык и прочее). В максимально короткий срок регистрирую отчёт в системе РФФИ «Грант-Экспресс», так как на дворе сентябрь и понимание, что декабрь уже совсем близко подбивает. Правила подачи отчёта, как обычно, меняют в самый последний момент. В итоге, надо собирать кучу бумаг, подписывать какие-то трёхсторонние соглашения между «грантодержателем, его работодателем, и фондом РФФИ» с очень интересными условиями, если вчитываться, регистрировать свою поездку в ЦИТИСе!!! То есть моя проездка проходит потом в РосСтате как научный проект, выполненный в РФ – к вопросу о статистике…

С учётом отдыха бухгалтеров, занятости то одних, то других, все бумаги поступают в РФФИ 16 октября 2012. Думаю, ну уж если что-то не так, то за 2 недели они её уж точно посмотрят, и я смогу скорректировать. Ответ приходит только через месяц – надо срочно заняться крючкотворством. В смете расходов, примера которой на сайте самого РФФИ нет и в помине, поэтому заполнять её пришлось по образу и подобию последнего успешно сданного проекта, финансировавшего по линии этого фонда (дата её заполнение – март 2012 года, примерно), оказалось надо переправить строчку «Транспортные услуги: авиабилеты – N тыс. рублей» на «Транспортные услуги: авиабилеты Москва – Родос – Москва – N тыс. рублей», причём данная расшифровка приводится буквально в соседней бумажке.

Переправляем, подписываем, сканируем, отправляем человеку, который и просил эту правку выполнить – Мария Бактышева, Управление международных связей. Молчание в течение нескольких недель (7 писем с моей стороны не в счёт). В конечном счёте, прошу связаться с ней по телефону знакомую из Москвы, так как я уже в другой стране к тому времени. Последовавший диалог даже пересказывать не хочется, его содержание примерно таково: чего вы ко мне пристали, я всем всё уже объяснила, хватит заниматься ерундой, не отнимайте моё время.

Скажите, Вы считаете это нормальным? Когда сам человек попросил поправить смету, примера заполнения которой нигде нет. Почему в РФ учёный должен заниматься сметами? Почему всё нельзя централизованно проводить через главную бухгалтерию МГУ? Почему…почему…почему…

Опять же через знакомых, которые уже имели дело со всей этой системой, и которые точно так же плюются от всего этого бюрократического беспредела, узнаю номер телефона (моё письмо г-же Бактышевой с вежливой просьбой предоставить контакты ответственного лица было также благополучно проигнорировано) одной из немногих нормальных вменяемых женщин в фонде — Журбиной Ирине. Она в течение 5 минут по номеру проекта проверила документа, пообещав в течение нескольких дней подписать платёжные документы. На дворе уже было 06.12.12, изменение 2 бумажек заняло месяц!!!

Итого. Предприятие выгорело, где-то в последнюю неделю декабря деньги за поездку вернулись, но вывод, который я могу лишь сделать из всей этой истории – никогда, ни при каких обстоятельства, если речь не идёт о серьёзной сумме денег, не связываться с любыми гос. органами, финансирующими отечественную науку. И всё же я бесконечно благодарен моему научному руководителю в МГУ, что он помог мне пережить эту напасть – грант РФФИ;)


NB! If you still suffer from a choice and don’t know what exactly and at whose expense you want to do it, then I can advise the following set of rather useful sites:


EPFL Admission



We must pay tribute to how well structured the EPFL site is, besides, it is rich in information: from the news of groups working in EPFL to announcements about the next trip to CERN from ACIDE (the union). Having easily found a page dedicated to PhD at this university, I realized that there are globally two ways to get the coveted position of a PhD student: write the professors of the corresponding departments and laboratories in the old fashioned way or simply go to a certain doctor’s deadline for each direction school (in my case, EDCH ).

After some time, a circle of “suspected” professors was determined whom I would be interested to work with. Finally, only two remained: one is engaged in 2D semiconductors based on MoS2 (it was he who invited me to an interview at EPFL, the trip is usually paid for by the inviting party within a month after returning home), and the second - with electrochemistry and physical chemistry.

Of course, having some experience in opening the components of microelectronics (even if it may not be complete from the point of view of the researcher), I would like to get to the first one. However, after, in principle, a successful interview, at which it was necessary to tell about myself and present my background based on the results of my master's work, unfortunately, I was not accepted for this position. Perhaps this is due to the financial component. If I understand correctly, the professor pays for PhD students (for scientific work, it usually takes about 75% of the time) and the university (for the teaching activity - the remaining 25%).

By the way, it is worth making a reservation for those who will similarly look for a position. God grant that 10% of your efforts are crowned with at least some success, bring at least some, even negative results. Often, they simply don’t answer you or your letters go to Spam daddy. In addition, imagine for a second that you are a professor at a top university. Hundreds of people, if not thousands, “knock” on you annually with a request to take them to graduate school, post-doc, etc. At some point, you simply stop responding to such request letters. And even if the letter is written in perfect British English with fanfares from the series “You are such a cool professor, and I love this <subject name> so muchplease take me to your place ”, then with a rather high probability the letter will still be in the basket without any answer.

But I am still extremely grateful to those who took a moment to write: “ Sorry, we do not have open positions / vacancies or funding for your stay here .”

However, I don’t have to get bored now, as the work is interesting and is devoted to the use of lasers for the analysis of molecules and nanoparticles at the interface between two immiscible phases (air-water or water-oil). To some extent, this is a significant extension of my knowledge and skills, what is commonly called competences in the modern world.

A little later - in the next part - I will return to a detailed description of the environment and the laboratory I got into, but for now I will dare to dwell on the admission procedure.

Admission procedures - we will understand the details


After you have decided on professors and laboratories (yes, it is in the plural, since there is never a guarantee that you will be taken to a specific place), you can begin to write applications for admission to the appropriate doctoral school, to to which this or that laboratory "belongs". Based on the experience of “miserable” comrades ( 1 and 2 ), IT professionals may also require additional internships.

You still have to do this (apply to a certain school), even if you are looking for a professor, and he reciprocates. In addition, the chances that your application, if it comes from the school by internal mail, will pay much more attention than for a regular letter, lost in a pile of spam.

For example, only when I arrived and had almost no connections, I received 5-7 letters daily with invitations to seminars, lectures, various university-wide advertising (a la check your health for 50 francs and 30 minutes), etc.
In addition, unlike many, for example, American universities, it is not required to pay any fee for submitting and considering an application, which, you see, bribes you to submit. The application process itself is quite simple, you can find it here .

The main documents that will be needed:
  • a scan of a foreign passport (my advice is even to a beautiful half of the audience: storing a 10-year passport with a chip is very convenient!),
  • scans of diplomas with translation into any of the following languages ​​English, French, German or Italian with notarization - not to be confused with apostille. I would also like to draw attention to the fact that before certification it is extremely advisable to check the draft translation, since often the objects are not translated correctly, and the fonts dance and dance.
  • Further, the contacts of 3 people who are ready in English to write a letter of recommendation for you (well, or in extreme cases, who are ready to put their signature under this letter - you can write something yourself),
  • the so-called motivation letter (ML), an example of which can be found below,
    Motivation letter
    Dear Prof. Surname,

    When I finished the Advanced Science and Education Center (a Department of Lomonosov Moscow State University, well-known as A.N. Kolmogorov’s School — internat.msu.ru) with emphasis on physics, mathematics and chemistry in 2005, I chose the Department of Materials Science of Lomonosov Moscow State University because of its interdisciplinary Bachelor’s program in materials chemistry, physics and mechanics. As long as I can remember I have had a love affair with materials science.

    At the mentioned above department each student has to perform scientific research (commonly, fields of study are inorganic materials science, nanomaterials and solid state chemistry) from the first year of education. After finishing with honor the Master’s program in 2011, I have had vast working experience with different nanomaterials such as magnets and novel materials of sorbents for high performance liquid chromatography based on titanium dioxide.

    During my work in the laboratory I got skills to synthesize materials via various methods, improve synthetic procedures and analyze properties of obtained samples. I have mastered numbers of synthetic techniques, including powder preparation for ceramics, sol-gel method, freeze drying as well ATRP (atom transfer radical polymerization) procedure for covering and functionalizing particles’ surface etc. Also I usually execute SEM (including chemical analysis via EDS and WDS), XRD, DLS and AFM measurements by myself. In addition I am familiar with the basics of TEM, Raman, IR, UV/Vis spectroscopies, TG coupled DSC analysis, chromatography, mass-spectroscopy and measurements of electrochemical behavior.

    My research interests have never been restricted by any borders. I am an author of several popular science articles devoted to SEM, AFM and optical microscopy investigation of computer’s components on the inside (http://habrahabr.ru/users/tiberius/blog and the article about LED was translated in a condensed version to English – asdn.net/asdn/physics/leds.shtml). Besides this I visited several high-tech plants in Russia (for instance, OptoGaN in Saint-Petersburg — www.optogan.com — and glass-work Saint-Gobain in Egor’evsk — www.nanometer.ru/2010/04/15/sen_goben_212518.html) and met real manufacture equipment and procedures.

    Taking part in competitions such as Olympiad in Nanotechnology (http://nanometer.ru/), different thematic contests (for instance, organized by ONEXIM group and devoted to alternative energy), I learnt a lot about the field of semiconductors technologies (both inorganic and organic, including MoS2 thin films, graphene and CNTs), energy conversation (water-splitting procedure and solar cells) and electrical circuit technologies (flexible electronics and single-electron devices). Since 2008 I have been working as an article writer and translator at web-portal Nanometer.ru (http://www.nanometer.ru/all_list.html?F[authorid]=681&F[status]=P). The position allowed me to get abreast of the latest discoveries and developments in mentioned above areas.

    Based on all this facts, I would to pursue a PhD degree in your laboratory at EPFL to strengthen my knowledge and participate in the development of novel semiconductor materials and devices. I have read through the course descriptions which are offered and I believe that EPFL top level program and supervising by you as worldwide famous scientist and expert in field of low dimensional semiconductors can benefit me in many areas.

    I have a desire to do my PhD project on novel 1D or 2D semiconductor materials and electrical circuit based on them that will provide inexpensive, scalable and simple technique for manufacturing. After my PhD education I would like to stay in academic field and continue my work as a post-doc researcher with strong both experimental and theoretical background in area of flexible electronics (for instance, nontransparent for UV radiation and transparent for visible light cheap solar cells and electricity generators for “smart” clothes).

    Doing PhD thesis under your supervising is a great opportunity for me to improve and develop my skills. I believe that I will be able to do a lot in the field of novel low dimensional nanostructured semiconductor materials.

    I am very interested in PhD position in your laboratory and looking forward to hearing from you soon.

    Sincerely yours,
    Name Surname

  • Language proficiency certificates (English or French) are available upon request.


Yes, do not confuse the motivation letter with CL (cover letter is the letter that you send to the professor by mail and which he reads first), and even more so with CV (curriculum vitae - a brief description of experience and education with the main ones received results). Basically, I would recommend this website to write ML and CL .

Despite the fact that these letters, in general, are compiled according to the same good model (see the link above), you should not get carried away and just change the names of professors. Be creative, show your personal interest in the position and your strengths, interests that could be useful when working in this group.

I did the translation of the insert to the bachelor's degree on my own, which saved me from 500 to 1000 rubles. The agency only had to check and translate some of the little things. In general, a translation with certification will cost about 3 thousand rubles. As for the master’s diploma, our faculty was one of the first to switch to the Bologna system, and our course was the first to receive diplomas of a new standard, in two languages ​​at once, and it was no longer necessary to translate it.

Experience in admission to graduate school in Belgium and Germany

Говоря о ВУЗах Европы, хочется отметить, что, строго говоря, у разных университетов разные требования, равно как и у разных государств. Например, одна моя знакомая при подаче документов в Мюнхенский технологический университет отправляла копию нотариального заверения. Я поступал аналогично, а по приезде предоставил оригиналы для сравнения.

Однако другая моя знакомая при подаче документов в Бельгию обязана была предоставить апостилированные копии даже для диплома на двух языках с заверением через МинЮст – что поделать, c’est la vie. В связи с чем, ваши расходы варьируются от ~2 тысяч рублей до 10 000 за пакет документов. Да, бельгийцы ещё потребовали справку из сертифицированного медицинского центра в РФ. Естественно, что такая справка там покупается и стоит 14 Килорублей…


Another headache is the obligatory master courses for holders of specialist diplomas. That is, if with a master’s diploma it’s necessary to earn only 12 credits in a few years (yes, you will have to learn a little), then if nothing has changed, specialists should take a couple of additional master’s courses to get 4 extra extra credits.

Let us return to the knowledge of languages ​​and the availability of appropriate certificates. Globally there are three TOEFL systems (American), IELTS (British) and CAE(Cambridge, for advanced, you can go to the teachers with him). The first two have a certificate valid for a couple of years, the last - indefinitely. But in order to pass the final exam, knowledge at the Proficient level is necessary, so - let’s not lie to ourselves - few people can do it from ordinary mortals, not linguists.

The EPFL does not have an obligation to provide this certificate, unlike, for example, universities in the USA , Australia and Britain .

Firstly, this is a significant saving of effort, time and money (each exam ~ $ 250-300 + preparation from 18,000 for a half-year intensive course), because without practice, everyday practice, even the native language is forgotten extremely quickly, what can we talk about second language at the intermediate / upper-intermediate level.

Secondly, the EPFL has pretty decent language courses in all 4 languages: English, French, German and Italian with various programs (from weekly intensive 4.5 hours a day to the prose of writing scientific articles) from beginners to C2.

And thirdly, I already had a more or less good knowledge of the language (and went to an internship in Germany and even managed to write an article ) in the context of my scientific activity, although at the university I was given a “choir” for an exam in the corresponding subject. As practice has further shown, with B2 I can handle it quite tolerably.


So here is an intensive English course at EPFL

By the way, native speakers (Irish and Vali, for example) and people speaking fringlish (a mixture of French and English) have rather specific accents that you just need to get used to. And of course, they say they are not very articulate, swallowing sounds (let alone go far, observe yourself in everyday life - are you sure that you follow all the rules of phonetics ?!), and the Chinese and Latinos have their own special talk, due to the lack of some sounds in their languages ​​(j, w). Perhaps the only person I understand 100% is German.

In general, when filling out an application form for a doctoral school, you still show your level by writing a motivation letter and indicating how you speak English, for example, at 3, 4 or 5. In addition, each of the submitted reviewers will receive a letter with a link where he will have to evaluate you according to some parameters, write your review and indicate the level of your English.

So, the form is completed, the documents are uploaded, it remains only to indicate the professors to whom this application will get (we have already selected them). In my opinion, you should not stop at only 1-2, you can, so to speak, look into adjacent areas, but look - do not overdo it!

If everything is done correctly and your candidacy has arranged the administration of a doctoral school conducting recruitment, then within 2-3 weeks you will receive a notification by e-mail that you are "recommended for admission." So far this is only a piece of paper, if before that it had not been supported by a positive answer from the professor, but still with it the chances are slightly higher. And if you couldn’t immediately get a position, try again to send letters to specific professors - maybe!

the contract


Ultimately, a one-year employment contract is concluded between the EPFL and the graduate student. It will most likely be sent by DHL with a bunch of different papers: from the description of the pension system to the rules for using the network and computers in the EPFL. One of the copies is used to go through bureaucratic formalities, while the other is signed and sent back. Write off ~ 2500-3000 rubles, if you do not want him to go by Russian Post for more than a month with the probability of losing somewhere more than 100%. From my own experience - postcards from Moscow by airmail flew to Lausanne for 5 weeks.

Visa


A visa (Schengen, type D ) at the Swiss embassy is done from 6 to 8 weeks. They say that since the end of 2012 the embassy's visa center has been operating, so there should not be any difficulties with submitting documents. However, for some unknown reason, I was forced to wait an additional two weeks before the first meeting with the embassy workers, they say, the queue for this type of visa is different than for tourist ... In total, I will have to fork out another ~ 2,500-3,000 rubles.

For the specified time, the entire package of documents is sent to the cantonal authorities (in my case, the canton of Vaud), where a decision is made on issuing a visa. After 6-7 weeks, you can safely write with a request to the e-mail address indicated on the leaflet issued at the embassy, ​​and if you answer yes, come in, give your passport out of turn, and pick it up the next day with a glued-in visa.

Now it remains to buy a ticket to Geneva, and there, by train, just a stone's throw to Lausanne. This is not an easy task. There is no direct cheap flight. A return flight there will cost less than a one and a half time flight. With a change in Munich, you can fly in 6 hours and ~ 14-15 thousand rubles. Well, actually we are waiting for hour X, but for now ...

Housing


In practice, you can forget about finding remotely housing on the spot. It is better to immediately take advantage of the recurring EPFL offer and settle for 3 months in some kind of hostel (for this you need to write tearful letters in Logement ). You can also ask the secretary of the professor to help you in this difficult task (especially as the secretaries know the secret weapon - French!). If everything is completely bad, then there is always a way out ).

Then you need to get a password from an internal university account (GASPAR), preferably permit B (not done quickly - from 2 to 3 months), at least a couple of forms with a notice of salary received, and only then start looking seriously, thoughtfully for a place to live. The reasons are commonplace - the housing turnover, September and October are especially hot periods, and it is not enough, even post-graduate students are no longer accommodated in student dormitories.

Well, that's all for now. I hope it was useful and interesting. To be continued ...



First , a complete list of published articles on Habré:

Opening the Nvidia 8600M GT chip , a more detailed article is given here: Modern chips - an inside view Inside
view: CD and HDD
Inside view: LED bulbs
Inside view: LED industry in Russia
Inside view: Flash -memory and RAM
Inside view: the world around us
Inside view: LCD and E-Ink displays
Inside view: digital camera arrays
Inside view: Plastic Logic
Inside view: RFID and other marks
Inside view: graduate school in EPFL. Part 1
Inside Look: Graduate School at EPFL. Part 2
Inside view: the world around us - 2
Inside view: the world around us - 3
Inside view: the world around us - 4

and 3DNews:
Microview: comparison of displays of modern smartphones

Secondly , in addition to the HabraHabr blog , articles and videos can be read and viewed on Nanometer.ru , YouTube , and Dirty .


Sometimes you can read briefly, and sometimes not so much about the news of science and technology on my Telegram channel - we ask you;)

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