“Density of time” (s) N.A. Kozyrev

Epigraph:
- And what do you dislike about the Second Law of Thermodynamics?
- Well, at least the fact that Boltzmann hanged himself. And the son of Tsiolkovsky too.

_{the answer is attributed to N. Kozyrev}

Who is Nikolai Aleksandrovich Kozyrev?
- The owner of the "diamond star" of the International Academy of Astronautics (IAA) - the highest award among astronomers (only two Soviet citizens had such an award - Yu. Gagarin and N. Kozyrev).
- author of the theory of extended stellar atmospheres
- author of the theory of sunspots
- creator of "Asymmetric causal mechanics" of one of the most interesting scientific theories about the properties of time.

The last point will be discussed.

N. Kozyrev published the first article on “Causal Mechanics” in 1958, but began to work on this topic as early as 1951. Therefore, the very first publication turned out to be well developed, proposing a fairly voluminous and completely revolutionary theory. For the mechanics being created (in the sense of Newton), he proposed the following system of axioms:

1. Cause and effect are always separated by space, between them there is arbitrarily small but not equal to zero dx
2. Cause and effect are always separated by time, between them there is arbitrarily small but not equal to zero dt
3. Time has an absolute property - directivity, the cause always precedes the effect.

So far, nothing new. The first axiom is the basis of Newtonian mechanics, but dt = 0 is assumed there(didn't you know? me too). The second axiom is used in the mechanics of the microworld.

It follows from such a system of axioms that the cause passes into the effect only through a nonzero “empty” point of dimensions dx and dt arbitrarily small in magnitude. The ratio

dx / dt = c ₂ (1)
may well be a finite value and will be a measure of the relationship between the course of time and the value of space. Thus, in all Newton's laws, and generally, wherever the concept of space is used, an additional quantity arises that affects the result. In addition, based on the third axiom, the value of c ₂must have some similarity with a vector, although in formula 1 it appears as a scalar. Kozyrev proposed the term “pseudoscalar” for her, emphasizing the fact that a change in the sign of dt does not mean a change in the direction of the flow of time, but only leads to a change in the spatial arrangement of the “cause -> consequence” pair. Those. if we look at the process from the side of cause to effect, dt must be positive, and if vice versa, then negative. In this case, by the way, Newton’s third law (force of action = force of reaction) takes on a slightly different meaning. In case of increase or loss dt, when the interaction is transferred, a positive or negative difference in forces will arise, which can be quite measured. Its calculated order, although it turns out to be 10 ^ -6 g., This is not enough, but laboratory scales allow us to notice such a change. This very crude reasoning causes a lot of reasonable criticism and is found only in early works on causal mechanics, laterAn analysis of the transition of time into energy (force) is done much more carefully and it is simply not possible to refute it. According to Kozyrev’s reasoning, the “course of time” rotates clockwise in the plane of the perpendicular axis “cause-> effect” and counterclockwise for the opposite direction. Time is like two spinning tops rotating in opposite directions - one turns the space in the cause, the other unfolds in the consequence. This difficult moment is always analyzed in detail in his works . After formulating these hypotheses, Kozyrev comes to the conclusion that further discussion is not necessary and simply harmful, there are enough conclusions for the experiment. For obvious reasons, for the experiments at first, various tops or gyroscopes were used, where you can achieve the maximum numerical effect.

However, everything turned out to be not so simple. The first experiment with a toy gyroscope placed on ordinary laboratory scales gave a positive result. When the axis was rotated upward clockwise, the gyroscope became lighter, and upside down it became heavier, but the repeated exact experiment with an aircraft gyro did not succeed in any way. Moreover, the experience with the children's gyro also gave unstable results. I had to return to theory. Kozyrev suggested that, unlike spatial coordinates, time travels equally throughout the universe. This, in fact, requires a third axiom. Time cannot always maintain the same orientation if the interaction is not transmitted through it instantly. This strange phrase is still controversial, but in the original everything is a bit wrong. “The entire material Universe is just a point on the axis of time, directed from the past to the future. ” This is a slightly different matter and leads to a completely different view of the experiments. It turns out that when you try to measure the flow of time, you are dealing with the entire Universe at once. For this reason, unlike many other physical experiments, here we must build an open system, otherwise no measurement of the effect of time on physical quantities will work. This is not just a weird situation, it means a risk of having unique results. And this is a fundamental requirement of physics. No one will believe you if the results of your experiments cannot be repeated. On the other hand, it became clear why the matter did not go. It’s as if we are measuring air temperature with a wet thermometer without considering the influence of the wind. But there is nothing to be done, such is the nature of the phenomenon being studied.

An engineer working with Kozyrev, Nasonov, noted that the shaft vibrates in the children's gyro due to play in the bearings. Vibration is transmitted to the scales and support, which means that the system ceases to be closed and we get the expected result. Eureka! Bearings spoil the aircraft gyro, it vibrates - there is a result! The meticulous Kozyrev demands to move the vibration from the gyroscope to the support of the balance and, in the same direction of rotation of the gyroscope, gets heavier. If the cause of openness in the gyroscope - we get a decrease in weight, and if the reason in the balance is weighting. dt changes sign, so the consequence must also change sign. As Kozyrev writes, “we look at the rotation from the side of the cause towards the effect”. Everything, the theory is qualitatively confirmed.

However, the results are very strange. Yes, and the theory of what to say. With fairly obvious assumptions, the results are very unusual for science. Not only does it occur to someone that the Earth also rotates like a gyroscope, and this should also influence the result. They counted, took into account, checked - something like that coincides. The result is different, again poorly repeating. In winter, one, in the summer, another. So you need to look for other options for the experiment. We try to suspend the gyroscope on a pendulum. There is a deviation, in the right direction, but it is very small, with the 3rd pendulum only 0.05 mm and unstable. And here an ingenious thought reappears - if the external environment influences the result so much, so let's manipulate the environment!

What are we doing? To obtain the effect of the pendulum deflection, Kozyrev simply heats / cools the suspension point. The result is consistent with theory. Opponents object - twisting the thread. Well, then he attaches an electric motor to the end of a long board, attaches an elastic band to the nail on the other end, the second end of which sits eccentrically on the motor shaft. Such a source of vibrational work with far-flung cause and effect. We bring the electric motor to the pendulum - a deviation in one direction, we bring the nail - in the other. We change the direction of rotation of the engine - the deviation also reverses. And this is in the complete absence of any mechanical connection between the pendulum and, umm, the board. Reduce the distance between cause and effect ... The effect disappears. It would be enough for me, everything seems to be very clear. But here the foundation of modern physics is affected, the result should be such that no one can challenge it. And with this case, just a complete seam. The experiments in Japan are repeated - a brilliant confirmation, in Germany and in America - a failure (later it turned out that they did not apply vibration to the gyroscope, but that later ...). In short, everything is somehow unclear. And these vibrations ... Anyone understands that if you put a vibrating contraption on the scales, you will normally not weigh anything. Especially with an accuracy of 10 ^ -6 g. Even somehow it’s not solid to try. And these vibrations ... Anyone understands that if you put a vibrating contraption on the scales, you will normally not weigh anything. Especially with an accuracy of 10 ^ -6 g. Even somehow it’s not solid to try. And these vibrations ... Anyone understands that if you put a vibrating contraption on the scales, you will normally not weigh anything. Especially with an accuracy of 10 ^ -6 g. Even somehow it’s not solid to try.

Therefore, we continue. At this point, Kozyrev, observing the instability of the experimental results, introduced the concept of "density" of time and began to try to take into account its effect on the experiment. In addition to a board with stretched rubber, a mechanism was built to raise and lower a certain 10 kg load (a bucket of water apparently). As a result, several strange results were obtained — the decrease in the influence of these factors with increasing distance did not occur according to a quadratic dependence (as with all natural forces without exception), but linearly. I had to think about this topic. Kozyrev writes that the reason for this oddity is that rotation can only be in a plane, i.e. time sets the plane, not the line, and everything falls into place.

A series of experiments begins, for which Soviet science dubbed Kozyrev a “false scientist”. To increase the sensitivity, we make torsion scales (the beam is suspended on a long thread, the scales are balanced, only the rotation is measured), we heat / cool one cup, it seems to be there, but ambiguous and weak. We change the conditions: we make unequal torsion scales, with a shoulder ratio of 1:10, different weights and different lengths of the suspension thread, we find that their sensitivity has significantly increased and it is possible to work normally. We place the scales under a glass flask to avoid the influence of air currents and begin to shaman outside. We bring different objects and processes to the flask, mimic the paper, burn the candles, dissolve the sugar in a glass, stirring it in different directions, we just think hard next to it - the scales are turning. Scales are attracted to any deformation, blows, airflow deviations, hourglass, light absorption, the presence of an observer (!) and any processes associated with friction. The arrow of the scales is repelled from the processes radiating time, and is attracted to the processes absorbing time. As Kozyrev writes: "time is drawn in by the cause and condensed by the consequence." A kind of "wind of time" turns the scales. This proves the effect of cause-effect processes of any (!) Nature on the meter. In addition, the need emerged to correctly orient the scales to the cardinal points, in some directions they work more or less normally, in practically none. A special story came out with the presence of an observer. I had to remove it to the far part of the laboratory complex (through several rooms), and to observe the result of the experiment through the window with binoculars ... An interesting experiment, which any housewife can do in the kitchen: irreversible deformation of bodies leads to a temporary (up to 10 min.) change in their inertial mass, which can be fixed (according to the Einstein principle of equivalence) with ordinary scales. Kozyrev threw heavy balls from a ball-wand onto a lead plate and then weighed it. The same experience can be done with an elastic ball. Weigh the ball, then we chat it on an elastic band, weighed again. Kozyrev himself writes that for some reason the simplest experiments are repeated worst of all. True, the change in weight is also small, such scales are not found in every kitchen. Kozyrev threw heavy balls from a ball-wand onto a lead plate and then weighed it. The same experience can be done with an elastic ball. Weigh the ball, then we chat it on an elastic band, weighed again. Kozyrev himself writes that for some reason the simplest experiments are repeated worst of all. True, the change in weight is also small, such scales are not found in every kitchen. Kozyrev threw heavy balls from a ball-wand onto a lead plate and then weighed it. The same experience can be done with an elastic ball. Weigh the ball, then we chat it on an elastic band, weighed again. Kozyrev himself writes that for some reason the simplest experiments are repeated worst of all. True, the change in weight is also small, such scales are not found in every kitchen.

In addition, it turned out that objects pretty quickly (in a couple of tens of seconds) remember what the density of time around was and keep this value in the “head” for about 15 minutes with forgetting by a logarithmic curve. The scales themselves are also subject to this miracle. After several hours of work, you must either change the scales, or take a break for a day or two. Later, the experiment can be repeated, otherwise - again, the seam. Be that as it may, the effect of “memory” was repeatedly confirmed and at the same time, the causes of numerous failures in the past became more understandable and the correct measurement procedure was gradually formed.
Along the way, it turned out that aluminum foil reflects time (what does it sound like?) With a coefficient of 0.5. Experiments have shown that this reflection occurs according to the same laws as in optics. They remembered that Kozyrev was still an astronomer, and the matter was happening in Pulkovo, and immediately put a torsion balance in the focus of a mirror telescope (a purely scientific curiosity, apparently).

For the convenience of experiments with a telescope, the torsion scales were first replaced with a disk, and then completely with a resistor bridge, since it was found that a change in the time density perfectly affects the resistance of the conductors. In addition, the use of the bridge made it possible to fairly compensate for the influence of the natural “streams” of time, which had so hindered earlier and made the measurements much cleaner. It immediately became clear that atmospheric refraction does not affect the resistor and the telescope looks exactly where the star would be visible if there was no atmosphere. The predictable result, which however, made the experimenters nervous. Again, out of pure scientific curiosity, someone directed the telescope to the calculated point where this star is located at a given moment in time, without taking into account the fact that its light flew to the Earth for a couple of thousand years. And found that the bridge recorded its presence there. Well, yes, right, time according to theory spreads instantly ... This result is still pretty shocking to the astronomical community, but it is very easy to repeat and does not raise doubts, the question is only in explanation. And also the position of the star in the past was recorded, when it radiated the light that we now see. Already three points on one star. And the sun has two points. And Jupiter has none at all. Pure shamanism ... And Jupiter has none at all. Pure shamanism ... And Jupiter has none at all. Pure shamanism ...

The 70s were already in the yard. And in 1983, Kozyrev died at the age of 75.

Well, what else to add?
- During life, and especially after death, socialist science organized the real persecution of a scientist, his family and his followers.
- Kozyrev believed that his theory was not yet sufficiently confirmed, the measurement methodology was not worked out to the end, and it was still far from complete clarity. In this, absolutely all scientists agree with him, even those who do not agree with him)
- Due to the difficulties with the repeatability of the results and the small amount of experimental deviations, the theory of “causality” is somehow not particularly recognized, although Kozyrev’s works in astronomy are very famous and solve many problems. One of these problems is the insufficient energy intensity of thermonuclear reactions in the bowels of stars to explain their long life. The second is the lack of visible signs of the "thermal death" of the Universe (this is still a problem, yes! Remember the epigraph?).
- You can’t say that his works are forgotten, there is the “Institute of Time” at Moscow State University, he regularly collects seminars, but such phenomenal results as before are not visible.
- Brief biography.
- Detailed biography.
- Websiteabout Kozyrev and a number of his works.
- September 2, according to the old style, he would have turned 104 years old.
- There are no “Kozyrev mirrors” in nature, this term was introduced by esoterics to give conviction to their work.