July 17, 2014 at 10:59Assessment of the potential of renewable energy sources. Regional experience
This post is devoted to presenting the results of assessing the potential of renewable energy sources (RES) using the example of the Tomsk region. The potential assessment was based on monitoring results based on evidence from the work of expert groups. Information is summarized in a geographic information system, available for free review.The purpose of creating a geographic information system
Tomsk regionIt has a number of areas that are not provided with centralized electricity supply. To provide the population with energy, diesel, coal or fuel oil stations are used. This circumstance leads to a significant increase in tariffs, which in some settlements of the Tomsk region reaches 90-110 rubles per kilowatt. Moreover, the social tariff does not exceed 4 rubles per kilowatt, and the regional budget covers the difference in tariff. However, for some regions of the Tomsk region there are prospects for the introduction of alternative energy sources. The goal of creating a geographic information system (GIS) is to summarize information on the production and consumption of heat and electric energy in the Tomsk Region, as well as the potential possibility of replacing solid and liquid hydrocarbon fuels (oil, fuel oil, diesel, coal) with regional organic fuel (biogas,
Study area
GIS is built on the example of the Tomsk region. Tomsk Oblast is located in the southeastern part of the West Siberian Plain; it is part of the Siberian Federal District of the Russian Federation. The region borders: in the north - with the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, in the east - with the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in the south - with the Kemerovo and Novosibirsk Regions, in the west - with the Omsk Region.
The territory of the region is 316.9 thousand square meters. km (1.5% more than the area of Poland)
The population of the Tomsk region as of January 1, 2013 amounted to 1064.2 thousand people (0.74% of the population of the Russian Federation), the average population density is 3.4 people per square meter. km
Features of nature and climate
The oblast includes 4 urban districts (Tomsk, Strezhevoy, Kedrovy, ZATO Seversk), 16 municipal districts, including 6 urban districts (Tomsk, Strezhevoy, Kedrovy, ZATO Seversk, Asino, Kolpashevo) and 116 rural settlements, 1 urban-type settlement (settlement Bely Yar) and 579 rural settlements. The regional center is the city of Tomsk. The relief of the area is extremely flat. The highest point of the Tomsk region: +274 m from sea level. Lowest point: +34 m from sea level. Most of the territory is occupied by forests, swamps, rivers and lakes. The largest rivers are the Ob, Tom, Chulym, Ket, Vasyugan, Tym. The entire river system belongs to the Ob basin, which crosses the region from southeast to northwest at a distance of about 1000 kilometers, dividing the region into two almost equal parts. The number of lakes in the Tomsk region reaches 95 thousand, especially a lot of them in the floodplains of the rivers. The largest lake in the Tomsk region - Mirny Lake is located on the flat interfluve of the Chuzik and Chizhapka rivers. In total, there are 573 rivers in the region. The type of climate is continental. Winter is harsh and long. The average January temperature is from -19 ° C to -21 ° C. Summer is warm, short. The average July temperature is from +17 ° C to +19 ° C. Precipitation is 450-700 mm per year. The growing season is about 125 days. It is located in the zones of middle and southern taiga and partially mixed forests. The soils are mainly sod-podzolic and peat-bog soils, in the southeast gray forest. Forests (main species: birch, pine, cedar, aspen, fir, spruce) occupy about 54% of the territory. The region is rich in minerals such as oil, gas, iron ore, peat, brown coal. The largest lake in the Tomsk region - Mirny Lake is located on the flat interfluve of the Chuzik and Chizhapka rivers. In total, there are 573 rivers in the region. The type of climate is continental. Winter is harsh and long. The average January temperature is from -19 ° C to -21 ° C. Summer is warm, short. The average July temperature is from +17 ° C to +19 ° C. Precipitation is 450-700 mm per year. The growing season is about 125 days. It is located in the zones of middle and southern taiga and partially mixed forests. The soils are mainly sod-podzolic and peat-bog soils, in the southeast gray forest. Forests (main species: birch, pine, cedar, aspen, fir, spruce) occupy about 54% of the territory. The region is rich in minerals such as oil, gas, iron ore, peat, brown coal. The largest lake in the Tomsk region - Mirny Lake is located on the flat interfluve of the Chuzik and Chizhapka rivers. In total, there are 573 rivers in the region. The type of climate is continental. Winter is harsh and long. The average January temperature is from -19 ° C to -21 ° C. Summer is warm, short. The average July temperature is from +17 ° C to +19 ° C. Precipitation is 450-700 mm per year. The growing season is about 125 days. It is located in the zones of middle and southern taiga and partially mixed forests. The soils are mainly sod-podzolic and peat-bog soils, in the southeast gray forest. Forests (main species: birch, pine, cedar, aspen, fir, spruce) occupy about 54% of the territory. The region is rich in minerals such as oil, gas, iron ore, peat, brown coal. The type of climate is continental. Winter is harsh and long. The average January temperature is from -19 ° C to -21 ° C. Summer is warm, short. The average July temperature is from +17 ° C to +19 ° C. Precipitation is 450-700 mm per year. The growing season is about 125 days. It is located in the zones of middle and southern taiga and partially mixed forests. The soils are mainly sod-podzolic and peat-bog soils, in the southeast gray forest. Forests (main species: birch, pine, cedar, aspen, fir, spruce) occupy about 54% of the territory. The region is rich in minerals such as oil, gas, iron ore, peat, brown coal. The type of climate is continental. Winter is harsh and long. The average January temperature is from -19 ° C to -21 ° C. Summer is warm, short. The average July temperature is from +17 ° C to +19 ° C. Precipitation is 450-700 mm per year. The growing season is about 125 days. It is located in the zones of middle and southern taiga and partially mixed forests. The soils are mainly sod-podzolic and peat-bog soils, in the southeast gray forest. Forests (main species: birch, pine, cedar, aspen, fir, spruce) occupy about 54% of the territory. The region is rich in minerals such as oil, gas, iron ore, peat, brown coal. It is located in the zones of middle and southern taiga and partially mixed forests. The soils are mainly sod-podzolic and peat-bog soils, in the southeast gray forest. Forests (main species: birch, pine, cedar, aspen, fir, spruce) occupy about 54% of the territory. The region is rich in minerals such as oil, gas, iron ore, peat, brown coal. It is located in the zones of middle and southern taiga and partially mixed forests. The soils are mainly sod-podzolic and peat-bog soils, in the southeast gray forest. Forests (main species: birch, pine, cedar, aspen, fir, spruce) occupy about 54% of the territory. The region is rich in minerals such as oil, gas, iron ore, peat, brown coal.
One of the most valuable natural resources of the Tomsk region is the forest. Wood reserves are 2.8 billion cubic meters. m.
The main highways are located in the southern part of the region with access to neighboring regions. The total length of paved roads is 6,278 km.
The oblast includes 4 urban districts (Tomsk, Strezhevoy, Kedrovy, ZATO Seversk), 16 municipal districts, including 6 urban districts (Tomsk, Strezhevoy, Kedrovy, ZATO Seversk, Asino, Kolpashevo) and 116 rural settlements, 1 urban-type settlement (settlement Bely Yar) and 579 rural settlements. The regional center is the city of Tomsk. The relief of the area is extremely flat. The highest point of the Tomsk region: +274 m from sea level. Lowest point: +34 m from sea level. Most of the territory is occupied by forests, swamps, rivers and lakes. The largest rivers are the Ob, Tom, Chulym, Ket, Vasyugan, Tym. The entire river system belongs to the Ob basin, which crosses the region from southeast to northwest at a distance of about 1000 kilometers, dividing the region into two almost equal parts. The number of lakes in the Tomsk region reaches 95 thousand, especially a lot of them in the floodplains of the rivers. The largest lake in the Tomsk region - Mirny Lake is located on the flat interfluve of the Chuzik and Chizhapka rivers. In total, there are 573 rivers in the region. The type of climate is continental. Winter is harsh and long. The average January temperature is from -19 ° C to -21 ° C. Summer is warm, short. The average July temperature is from +17 ° C to +19 ° C. Precipitation is 450-700 mm per year. The growing season is about 125 days. It is located in the zones of middle and southern taiga and partially mixed forests. The soils are mainly sod-podzolic and peat-bog soils, in the southeast gray forest. Forests (main species: birch, pine, cedar, aspen, fir, spruce) occupy about 54% of the territory. The region is rich in minerals such as oil, gas, iron ore, peat, brown coal. The largest lake in the Tomsk region - Mirny Lake is located on the flat interfluve of the Chuzik and Chizhapka rivers. In total, there are 573 rivers in the region. The type of climate is continental. Winter is harsh and long. The average January temperature is from -19 ° C to -21 ° C. Summer is warm, short. The average July temperature is from +17 ° C to +19 ° C. Precipitation is 450-700 mm per year. The growing season is about 125 days. It is located in the zones of middle and southern taiga and partially mixed forests. The soils are mainly sod-podzolic and peat-bog soils, in the southeast gray forest. Forests (main species: birch, pine, cedar, aspen, fir, spruce) occupy about 54% of the territory. The region is rich in minerals such as oil, gas, iron ore, peat, brown coal. The largest lake in the Tomsk region - Mirny Lake is located on the flat interfluve of the Chuzik and Chizhapka rivers. In total, there are 573 rivers in the region. The type of climate is continental. Winter is harsh and long. The average January temperature is from -19 ° C to -21 ° C. Summer is warm, short. The average July temperature is from +17 ° C to +19 ° C. Precipitation is 450-700 mm per year. The growing season is about 125 days. It is located in the zones of middle and southern taiga and partially mixed forests. The soils are mainly sod-podzolic and peat-bog soils, in the southeast gray forest. Forests (main species: birch, pine, cedar, aspen, fir, spruce) occupy about 54% of the territory. The region is rich in minerals such as oil, gas, iron ore, peat, brown coal. The type of climate is continental. Winter is harsh and long. The average January temperature is from -19 ° C to -21 ° C. Summer is warm, short. The average July temperature is from +17 ° C to +19 ° C. Precipitation is 450-700 mm per year. The growing season is about 125 days. It is located in the zones of middle and southern taiga and partially mixed forests. The soils are mainly sod-podzolic and peat-bog soils, in the southeast gray forest. Forests (main species: birch, pine, cedar, aspen, fir, spruce) occupy about 54% of the territory. The region is rich in minerals such as oil, gas, iron ore, peat, brown coal. The type of climate is continental. Winter is harsh and long. The average January temperature is from -19 ° C to -21 ° C. Summer is warm, short. The average July temperature is from +17 ° C to +19 ° C. Precipitation is 450-700 mm per year. The growing season is about 125 days. It is located in the zones of middle and southern taiga and partially mixed forests. The soils are mainly sod-podzolic and peat-bog soils, in the southeast gray forest. Forests (main species: birch, pine, cedar, aspen, fir, spruce) occupy about 54% of the territory. The region is rich in minerals such as oil, gas, iron ore, peat, brown coal. It is located in the zones of middle and southern taiga and partially mixed forests. The soils are mainly sod-podzolic and peat-bog soils, in the southeast gray forest. Forests (main species: birch, pine, cedar, aspen, fir, spruce) occupy about 54% of the territory. The region is rich in minerals such as oil, gas, iron ore, peat, brown coal. It is located in the zones of middle and southern taiga and partially mixed forests. The soils are mainly sod-podzolic and peat-bog soils, in the southeast gray forest. Forests (main species: birch, pine, cedar, aspen, fir, spruce) occupy about 54% of the territory. The region is rich in minerals such as oil, gas, iron ore, peat, brown coal.One of the most valuable natural resources of the Tomsk region is the forest. Wood reserves are 2.8 billion cubic meters. m.
The main highways are located in the southern part of the region with access to neighboring regions. The total length of paved roads is 6,278 km.
GIS objects and conventions
Geothermal waters - Geothermal waters are called waters with a temperature above 20 ° C located in the bowels of the Earth. In most cases, they have a temperature of 40 - 100 ° C and above. Relate to energy sources that are used as renewable energy resources to produce thermal and / or electrical energy. 
Hybrid wind-powered stations - Systems including wind generators, solar panels and redundant additional power supplies 
DES - Diesel power station (diesel generator set, diesel generator) - a stationary or mobile power plant equipped with one or more electric generators driven by a diesel engine internal combustion. 
Oil fired boiler rooms- a building or premises with a boiler (heat generator) and auxiliary technological equipment designed to generate heat, the fuel resource of which is: diesel fuel; fuel oil; raw oil. 
Solid fuel boiler houses - a building or premises with a boiler (heat generator) and auxiliary technological equipment designed to generate heat, the fuel resource of which is: wood chips; firewood; coal. 
Livestock facilities - agricultural producers with livestock complexes of cattle (in the geographic information system, farms with a livestock of more than 500 animals are indicated). Production waste is considered as a bioresource for biogas production . 
Treatment facilities- A complex of engineering structures of the settlement, designed to treat wastewater from the pollution contained in them. Wastewater treatment plants can be considered as a resource for biogas production. 
Breweries and food industry enterprises are enterprises with high waste from the food industry. Production waste is considered as raw material for biogas production. 
Solid waste landfills - places of accumulation of solid household waste (objects or goods that have lost consumer properties) of human life. They are considered as locations for raw materials for the production of landfill gas (due to the collection of gas resulting from the natural biochemical decomposition of organic waste), as well as for the production of biogas and for secondary processing and use.
Poultry farms - enterprises of the poultry industry of the Tomsk region. Production waste is considered as raw material for biogas production. 
Harvesting areas - areas where logging activities are carried out, consisting of a set of logging operations and forest removal. 
Pig complexes - enterprises designed for the full technological cycle - from reproduction to slaughter and processing of pig meat. Production waste is considered as raw material for biogas production. 
Thermal power plants are large stations in the Tomsk Region that generate electrical energy by converting the chemical energy of fuel into mechanical energy of rotation of the shaft of an electric generator to produce heat. 
Drained peat deposits- a peat deposit from the surface to the mineral bottom or to the sapropel deposits usually consists of several types of peat with a set of hydrotechnical measures to create a drainage system and having a different degree of readiness for the start of peat extraction. 
Peat deposits (promising for development for energy purposes) are peat deposits with a low ash content of up to 15% and large peat reserves, such deposits can be put into operation in a short time due to relative transport accessibility and location near settlements. GIS includes contourswind, isolines of the sun, a map of roads, existing gas pipelines, power lines (if necessary). All objects have a geographic location and a detailed description. The description includes open information about the generating facility or an expert opinion on the potential of a renewable energy source. The type of GIS is shown in the figure.
GIS is built in layers. You can temporarily disable some layers and work with information, for example, about peat deposits.
It is possible to combine the layers, thereby assessing the logistic capabilities and convenient location of the potential location of the generating facility on alternative fuel, taking into account the corresponding fuel resource (sawdust, peat, wood chips, biomass, etc.).
Grounds for entering information into GIS
The main objective of this work is to obtain the most reliable data on the potential of renewable energy sources and the most updated information about the generation facilities. In this regard, data from at least several independent sources were used, or data from expert opinions directly at the facilities. For this, expert groups were formed, which were sent to the relevant regions of the Tomsk region. Also in the GIS were used
1. Data from regional reports on generating facilities
2. Trends of long-term weather observations
3. Environmental studies of the territory
4. Scientific data on publications of independent research groups of research institutes and universities in Tomsk and Russia
5. Laboratory studies of biomass of various origin (manure, beer grains, sewage treatment plants)
6. Results of geological exploration of various years for the application of information on peat deposits.
This approach made it possible to obtain GIS with a high degree of validation. As an example, you can see that the data of expert opinions on the potential of wind-solar energy fit perfectly into the wind isolines, stably formed over many years of meteorological observations (in the figure, the stable wind isolines are drawn with blue lines in the center)
Expert opinion example
Let us consider in more detail the example of the work of an expert group. To obtain factual data from enterprises, groups of experts of 2-3 people were formed with relevant professional competencies. Also, special laboratory units were used for work to conduct additional studies of raw material samples. Since I headed one of the expert groups , I will describe in more detail the working methods of specialists in our field.
The following were subject to assessment in the work of our expert group
1. Agricultural enterprises
2. Poultry farms
3. Pig complexes
4. Breweries
Also, experts partially worked to assess the potential of treatment facilities. The subject of the assessment is the biomass and production biological waste of these enterprises. All expert groups worked on the basis of relevant written requests to the owners (or top managers) of enterprises that (surprisingly) actively contributed to the work of specialists.
The expert’s work was regulated by the expert’s work methods , which include all the necessary actions and manipulations. Each expert group had
1. Samples of documents to fill out in the form of questionnaires .
2. A camera configured to automatically output the date and time
3. GPS, voice recorder
4. Capacities for sampling biomass for laboratory research
5. Additional materials (bags, tags, puffs, disposable gloves, sample intakes, markers)
The expert’s task was to clearly fill out the information on the questionnaire, get acquainted with the enterprise, the process, the waste management system, slaughterhouse, etc. in accordance with the algorithm of the expert. All actions are clearly regulated, therefore, there were no significant errors and shortcomings. Photographing and calculation of the geographical coordinates of the enterprise were carried out. Experts also made selective sampling of biomass samples for further laboratory research. The working time of the expert group (depending on the enterprise) took 3-5 hours.
Laboratory research
Biomass samples were sent to laboratory tests. The purpose of the study was to analyze the structure of biomass, the presence of impurities, heavy metals, as well as general chemical indicators such as ash, pH, and the ratio C: N: P. Analyzes were carried out in an independent accredited laboratory.
Test Report Example
This initial information was necessary for experiments to ferment biomass in laboratory biogas plants, in order to determine the maximum calorific value of raw materials for biogas output. The type and technical characteristics of laboratory facilities are presented in the photo.
Laboratory test results, analysis of questionnaire information and all information collected by experts were summarized in the final expert opinion, which was the basis for entering information into the GIS. At the same time, only large agricultural enterprises were taken into account, in particular, with a livestock of at least 500 animals.
Other expert groups worked in approximately the same way in analyzing the potential of wind load, solar insolation, the potential of peat, geothermal sources, etc. Of course, other instruments and laboratory facilities were used in accordance with the tasks of expert groups.
GIS analysis and prospects
Large volumes of information were summarized and updated. GIS made it possible to obtain a single information resource for analyzing the potential of renewable raw materials for alternative energy sources. Taking into account the development of renewable energy technologies, this will allow in the medium term to form projects for the creation of alternative fuel generating facilities. At the same time, the potential of peat and wood processing waste is already significant. At the moment, work is underway to analyze promising technologies to solve these problems. Approaches to assessing the potential of renewable energy sources and the competence of Tomsk expert groups can be used for similar work in other regions of Russia and we are ready to share our experience in this direction.
GIS link here. I cannot estimate reaction to Habr effect. Failures are possible.
Acknowledgments
This work was carried out by dozens of people from various organizations, universities and research institutes of Tomsk. The work took about a year and a half. I thank all my colleagues who worked on this project. The GIS was built in the interests of the Tomsk Region and is currently supported and developed by the Center for Energy Efficiency and Energy Saving of the Tomsk Region. Head of the Center Alexander Dmitriev and his staff actively participated in this work and I also express my gratitude to them.
Important addition
Many may be extremely skeptical about the prospects of using biogas technologies in Siberian conditions. This is indeed an interesting topic for analysis and discussion. In the coming days I will publish the corresponding post and I invite everyone to discuss more on this topic.
PS - Post published by habrahabr.ru/post/226953