February 5, 2016 at 18:16A bit of the history of specialized military computers
The middle of the twentieth century, the USSR. The main attention was paid to the creation of universal computers for solving complex mathematical computational problems; these were stationary machines that were oriented on a sequential or batch solution of problems, regardless of the real time scale and dynamic change of parameters of environmental objects. But by the end of the 50s, the Ministry of Defense of the country became interested in using such computers to solve the problems of information processing and control in military systems. But immediately difficulties arose with the shortcomings of such universal machines when used in military systems to solve real-time control tasks. Therefore, the direction of military computing began to develop at an accelerated pace.
Clearly began to distinguish between two classes of computers: stationary and mobile. The development of mobile types of computers was facilitated by different requirements of customers, since it was planned to use them in both land, aviation, marine, missile, and other systems in the defense industries and enterprises, and digital computer technology began to be used for air defense systems and missile defense, for space control and flight control in aviation and in space. The stationary ones worked indoors, and the mobile ones, therefore, had to be transportable.
Due to observance of the "neck" of secrecy, the exchange of information on the development of specialized computers between specialists from various industries and enterprises in the USSR was sharply limited, there was almost no information on the technical characteristics and fundamental features of such specialized machines behind the cordon. Computer development was very expensive because of this, since a great many architectures of such original machines were created. There was no centralized industry of electronic components for computers either.
The project is a mobile computing center (PVP) or an object "Platform"
Back in 1960, a series of mobile computers was developed and created for the army and front-line units, code-named "Beta", but work has not begun.
mobile computing complex Beta-3M
In 1962, the mobile computer needed for the army was neither in the Ministry of Defense, nor in the USSR. The General Staff issued the Directive as soon as possible (for a year) "... to design, order production, debug and put into combat operation the mobile Military Center, the basis was to take one of the computers produced by the USSR and simply adapt it to specific operating conditions. It is also necessary was "... to develop, program and debug a set of tasks for use in conducting command-and-control exercises (command and staff exercises) on a front (district) scale, with the participation of troops and military equipment, for command and staff games of staffs, military academies and other educational demonstration events. "
The developers focused on the American Mobidic project (although even then in the USSR a mobile, highly specialized computer “Kurs-1” was developed for processing information from radar nodes, but it was all secret).
Here are some requirements for such a “Platform”: ensuring the necessary performance, reliability of work after moving on dirt roads, 100 hours of work in non-stop conditions, climatic conditions were set at a temperature of -30 to + 40 ° С.
At the first stage, a suitable second-generation universal domestic computer based on semiconductor elements was chosen, due to which the dimensions and power consumption of the computer decreased, while such indicators as speed and RAM increased.
The “Hrazdan-2” computer was selected (manufactured in Yerevan, YernIIIMM factory). We started to modernize the machine. In order to ensure its operation in “field” conditions, for operation in the troops and to make it mobile, it was necessary to increase its reliability, to constructively construct a computer for placing equipment in a limited space, while ensuring its safety and operability during movement protected from climatic conditions. exposure. To all this, it was necessary to choose the entire infrastructure of the mobile CC.
"Handed out"
This included a thermally insulated all-metal van semi-trailer of type 828 for equipment, a truck tractor of the ZIL-157 type, a powerful air conditioner, a mobile diesel power station with a capacity of 30 kW in a mobile version, with a fuel consumption of 8 l / h and a fuel tank capacity of 100 liters, connected radio and telegraph equipment.
A mobile data center was created, two Hrazdan-2 computers were installed in one body, and all the data preparation, communications, control and test equipment, various stands, an expanded set of spare parts, cables and other equipment were housed in the back of an army KUNG mounted on the chassis ZIL-157.
Climatic protection to maintain the necessary temperature and humidity in the body was ensured by the following main measures: the body was equipped with an air conditioner with high cold and heat output, computer racks of secondary power supplies were removed, and additional fans were installed in a separate rack with an autonomous ventilation and cooling system. The optimal mode of operation of a computer at a temperature of + 20 to + 30 ° C.
In 1964, the modular Exhibition Center “Platform” was adopted for “supply”. After that, the project was still modernized, the OD of each computer was doubled due to the backup ferrite cube, an additional ROM was installed on the ferrite cores, and it became possible to implement the joint work of two computers.
memory cube on ferrite cores
The integration of two computers in the "Platform" in the hardware, software, informational aspects was carried out for the first time in the USSR. Mobile Exhibition Center "Platform" in 1963 - 1968 was the first and only exhibition center of this type.
The Granit
computer A specialized computer was used for statistical processing of a large number of observation results and was created by order of the Main Artillery Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Defense to increase the effectiveness of artillery fire. In 1957 she was sent to one of the artillery ranges of the Ministry of Defense. Used for shooting artillery guns.
The computer consisted of a computing device accumulating the sum of paired works, a set of devices for preparing punch tape (35 mm wide film), an output punch and a printing device, and the power consumption was 4.5 kVA. Such a computer occupied 30 square meters.
The Klen computer and the Klen-1 and Klen-2 computer complexes
From 1962 to 1968, the Klen computer and the Klen-1 and KVM computers were created at the Scientific and Research Institute of Electronic Engineering (NIEM) Maple-2 ”, they had a distributed system for processing satellite information. The purpose of this development was to automate the processing of telemetric information coming from artificial earth satellites
Single-address parallel action computer "Maple" operated with numbers presented in a format with a comma fixed in front of the highest digit. The numerical data were presented in a 27-bit grid, where 23 bits occupied the digital part, one bit was the sign of the number, three bits were assigned to the control modulo two. The team occupied 33 binary digits, 7 of them for providing the operation code, 16 for the address, and 4 bits for the configuration code of numbers, 3 for the address modification code, 3 bits for modulo control two and three. Computer memory capacity 8192 (8K) 27-bit words. The execution time of short operations, such as addition, transition operations was 4.5 μs, multiplication was performed for 25.5 μs. The command system of the computer "Maple" included 83 teams,
The Klen computer had a traditional device for inputting data from punch cards, 27 bit channels for communication with external subscribers, and a printing device for outputting data.
+5 to +40 degrees Celsius - temperature range for optimal operation of the machine.
Especially for the Klen machine, a pulse-potential system of elements with diode-resistive logic and a maximum operating frequency of 660 kHz was developed. The delay time of the logical elements of the system is 50 ns, the delay time of the elements of the system that were used in serial circuits is 20-30 ns. In the adder and control circuits, special logic elements were used.
Computer RAM was used on VT-7 type ferrite cores with a cycle time of 6.0 μs and a read time of 2.25 μs. As a long-term storage device, a memory on oximeter cores with constant firmware was used, the cycle time of the DZU was 4.5 μs, and the read time was 2.25 μs.
The capacity of the program ROM unit could be from 8192 to 65536 codes, the magnetic random access memory (RAM) of the program, with a capacity of 4096 codes, was used to debug programs before flashing it into the ROM.
In the computer "Maple" there could be four blocks of the RAM of numbers, 8192 numbers in each block. The work of such blocks could be combined.
Klen-1 and Klen-2 electronic computers are modifications of the Klen computer with expanded RAM and ROM with minimal additions to exchange commands with external devices. Both complexes included magnetic tape memory and a developed system of external devices.
Computers differed only in the various configurations of internal memory, tape drives, and input-output devices. External devices “Maple-1” - a device for inputting punch cards VU-700-2, 2 alphanumeric printing devices АЦПУ-128-2. Klen-2 external devices included 4 ATsPU-128-2 printing devices, a PR results puncher, a PL-20-2 ribbon punch.
From the remote sources on the external highways, the Klen-1 EVK received data, they were sorted, compressed, and excluded redundant data. After that, the pre-processed data was transferred to the Klen-2 electronic computer complex, here they were final processed, cataloged, stored and issued at the request of users.
Specialized computers "Diana-1", "Diana-2" .
S.A. Lebedev and the ITM team paid special attention to work related to the country's defense, research and development were carried out on automatic data acquisition from the radar (radar station) and automatic tracking of flying targets. An experiment was conducted on the simultaneous tracking of several real aircraft with an advanced calculation of their trajectory. To enter data in digital form, the computer "Diana-1" was used, and to accompany the targets - "Diana-2". Such an experiment laid the foundation for the development of radar and missile systems on a new information and computing basis.
"Diana-1" - a sequential-action machine with switched software processing, was intended to work as part of guidance systems for fighter aircraft on target. The machine carried out automatic data acquisition from the radar with the selection of the object from noise, converted them into digital form and issued the trajectories of several targets to the screens.
"Diana-2" - a computer with a fixed point, 10 bits, a unicast system of commands, with the number of commands - 14, a command memory of 256, a memory constant, random access memory on magnetostrictive delay lines.
The Karat family of specialized computers.
In 1976, the unified Karat computers were accepted for supply to the USSR Navy. These were small-sized, reliable computers with high functional parameters. Their creation radically changed the situation in marine instrumentation.
The history of the creation of unified computers "Karat" began back in 1963 at the Kiev Research Institute of Radio Electronics under the leadership of Plotnikov (chief designer of the family of specialized computers "Karat"). In 1963, Plotnikov’s laboratory presented flat micromodules (PMM) as the basic elements for new developments. This was the first serial-fit universal element created in the USSR, which provided the opportunity to create computers and other digital equipment at a new, rather high level.
The thin-walled aluminum case of the flat micromodule was 17.5x9.5x6.3 mm, weighing 2 grams, it was assembled using PMM microelements that were mounted on both sides of the printed circuit board (9x17 mm), pin leads were installed perpendicular to the board with a pitch of 4 mm.
But for the fleet, computers with elements smaller than PMM were needed, therefore, imperfect integrated circuits of domestic production began to be used to build computers. In the laboratory of Plotnikov, work began on the creation of multi-chip integrated circuits. This was a completely new direction in the development of the element base of computer technology.
Varduva Hybrid Large Integrated Circuits (GBIS) - these were the names of the new multi-chip microcircuits. The first model of Karat was a small-sized 24-bit machine at GBIS Varduva. The circuits of the functional units of microcircuits were developed by Soviet scientists, based on the logical circuits of computers (in one case there were 8 bits of the register, 2 bits of the ALU, etc.). This development was many years ahead of the creation of multi-chip circuits abroad (“multi-chips”).
The machine was used in more than 60 types of systems developed by enterprises of four ministries. In simple systems, computers with minimal modifications could be used, and on the largest modern ships with several systems on board, 15 or more “Carat” computers could be found in the maximum version. In 1981, 15 modifications of the Karat family machines were developed, and 5 million teams of software were prepared. To process information from radar systems with phased antenna arrays, the Karat modification was developed with a speed of 2.5 million operations per second. Later, the Karat-KM-E modification was developed on sectional microprocessor large integrated circuits. About 2 thousand cars were produced at factories in the USSR.
Computer "Radon"
In 1964, at the Research Institute of Electronic Mathematical Machines, the development of computers for use in the USSR air defense was completed. It was a pulse-potential with galvanic and transformer connections of a second-generation computer based on transistors P16 and P601.
Research Institute of Electronic Mathematical Machines
The design of the computer was 16 racks, each of the racks had its own power supply and control units, an interconnect panel that included 320 "sheet" sockets (20 contacts each), which were articulated by plugs located at the end cells containing from 4 to 8 elements.
block diagram of a computer "Radon"
Several modifications of the Radon computer were developed, which were distinguished by the capacity of RAM and ROM. It was a two-machine complex with bus organization. The computer was single-address, the capacity of the commands was 24 (2-control), the capacity of the operands was 20 (2 control), the operations were with a fixed point, the number of command codes was 64. Each computer processor had access to its memory, as well as to the memory of the paired computer , which made it possible to work not only in dual-machine mode, but also in dual-processor mode. Two computers were connected to a common exchange line for communication with system control devices. For the initial loading, testing and printing of information for analysis, the periphery of the machine itself was used.
Computer "Radon" occupied an area of 150 square meters. She was reliable and with increased speed.
For the first time in the USSR in a car were realized:
Acacia System
In 1982, the Acacia digital fire control system was developed. The system was created to generate data for firing strategic cruise missiles "Granat" from submarines and submarines, the systems included 2 SCVM "Arka", 2 memory devices, 2 long-term memory devices, 2 data exchange devices, 2 reserve control devices. In order to increase the reliability of the Acacia system, all devices had a reserve, redundancy occurred automatically.
The SC “Arka” (a specialized computing machine) was designed to work with the SC “Ataka” and was used to increase the throughput of the computing system with the “Ataka” SC.
The speed of such a digital computer for operation is as follows: with registers of 500 thousand short operations per second, with register-memory operation, 167 thousand short operations per second. Power consumption 1200 watts. The Arka machine had two exchange devices. Each device consisted of 8 serial channels. One exchange device with parallel multiplex channel. Mean time between failures - 2000 hours.
STsVM "Attack"
specialized digital computing machine "Attack" (MVM-012)
The specialized Ataka computer (MVM-012) was created in 1974 at the NPO Agat. The dimensions of such a machine are 1800x1076x166 mm, the occupied area is 0.65 square meters. SCM “Attack” consisted of two cabinets that were interconnected mechanically and electrically. The machine included a command device, a command interrupt device, an exchange device, an arithmetic device, microprogram control units, 16 general-purpose buffer registers, a 16K word ferrite random access memory device, a hardware control device, a control and control panel, and a power device.
The machine used a binary system for representing numbers with a fixed comma, the number of digits was 32. Work is provided with words of double length (64 digits), with half-words (16 digits) and with eight-digit alphabetic information. The command system was dual-core, the number of operations was 56, of which 16 were arithmetic operations, 7 logical operations, 19 forwarding operations, 6 shift operations, 8 control operations.
It should be noted that in the SCVM it was possible to increase the memory to 256K words with the connection of external memory devices 182-3 - RAM 64K, 183 - 128K DZU (2X64K), 184 - 32K RAM and 64K DZU or any other devices that have electrical and information compatibility with MVM-012.
2 parallel, 2 consecutive exchange channels were provided. The exchange rate on the serial channel was 20 thousand words per second, on the parallel channel - 94 thousand words per second.
The power consumption from the network is 1.5 kW, the power was supplied from a three-phase ship AC network with a voltage of 220 V, frequency 400 Hz. Network fluctuations are allowed: ± 5% for long-term deviations and from + 13% to -25% for short-term voltage deviations, as well as from + 4% to -6% in frequency.
Terms of Use:
The machine was produced until 1990, 255 ATVS ATVMs were manufactured.
Computer "Harp"
The development of the machine was started in 1979 and was intended to work in various ship control systems, as a real-time control link. The machine was powered by a three-phase ship network 220V, 400 Hz, power consumption was 1.7 kW. For cooling, forced-air and exhaust ventilation with an inlet air temperature of 18 ° C was used. It was a computer with a binary system of representing numbers with fixed and floating point numbers, the speed was 550 thousand short operations per second when accessing operands in RAM, 1100 thousand short operations when accessing register buffers. The number of digits is 32, it was possible to work with words of double length (64 digits), with half-words (16 digits) and with octal alphabetic information.
This machine together with the computer "Arka" and "Attack" a number of software-compatible machines of the third generation TsMNII "Agat". Agat is a pioneer in the development of combat information and control systems for surface ships (Sea, Root) and submarines (Cloud system, Diamond, Omnibus and others), as well as ship firing control systems missile systems, control systems and protection of nuclear power plants.
Computer "Cloud"
computing machine with remote control
Computer "Cloud" - a machine with a binary system for representing numbers with a fixed comma and the number of digits - 25. The numbers were represented by a modified additional code. It was with a single-address system of commands, the capacity of the commands was 20. The speed of the Cloud computer was 62.5 thousand short operations per second. The computer consisted of 4 cabinets that were connected mechanically and electrically. For cooling, a forced-air and exhaust ventilation system with an inlet air temperature of 18 ° C was used.
device that converts analog data to digital and digital to analog
The basis of the machine’s design was a cabinet for electronic equipment of an original design, which allowed it to be loaded onto a submarine through a standard hatch with a diameter of 598 mm. The reliability of the SC “Cloud” was estimated at 650 hours of operation between faults. The cloud computing system consumed about 17 kW of electricity.
A number of Lada 2 computers
In 1986, a Lada-2 computer was developed for surface ships and submarines, it consisted of three on-board universal electronic computers, was built on a modular basis, and such an open system made it possible to connect additional functional devices.
A number of computers were used to build computer systems in a wide variety of systems, to collect and process information in real time, to automatically control various objects, to design automation, to automate complex scientific research, information and reference and training systems.
The cars of the series had from two to four modifications. The Lada 2 computer - 2 modifications, the Lada 2Yu-3 computer, 3 modifications, the Lada 2M computer - 4 modifications. They differed in the composition of the devices, the cooling method, and the design.
The main parameters of the Lada 2 computer: the bit depth of fixed-point numbers is -1, 8, 16, with a floating point - 32 (4 hardware commands), speed -1200 operations per second. Memory: address space 256 KB, RAM - 256, ROM - 32, dimensions of the first modification of the series - 703 * 450 * 276 mm, second 480 * 350 * 212 mm, power consumption - 330 watts.
Lada 2 computers with architectural and software compatibility with commercial computers of the SM series of computers (SM4, SM1420, Electronics 100, Electronics 79, Electronics 60, DVK, SM1600) widely used in the USSR provided the user with the opportunity to use the work of a rich application software for a number of SM computers.
The main devices of the Lada 2 computer ( NPO Agat. The Lada 2 computer. KA3.031110. Technical description. 1986 ):
case version of the computer "Lada 2"
In 1988, the "Lada 2U" was created, in 1990 - "Lada 2M".
Serial production was established, in total 65 such copies of various modifications were produced.
In our time, there are practically no official materials, since after a certain time they were destroyed due to the secrecy in force in the USSR, especially in those things that in any way related to military affairs and developments in it.
You can get acquainted with the chronology of events and computer developments (1985-1989) here
Clearly began to distinguish between two classes of computers: stationary and mobile. The development of mobile types of computers was facilitated by different requirements of customers, since it was planned to use them in both land, aviation, marine, missile, and other systems in the defense industries and enterprises, and digital computer technology began to be used for air defense systems and missile defense, for space control and flight control in aviation and in space. The stationary ones worked indoors, and the mobile ones, therefore, had to be transportable.
Due to observance of the "neck" of secrecy, the exchange of information on the development of specialized computers between specialists from various industries and enterprises in the USSR was sharply limited, there was almost no information on the technical characteristics and fundamental features of such specialized machines behind the cordon. Computer development was very expensive because of this, since a great many architectures of such original machines were created. There was no centralized industry of electronic components for computers either.
Specialized military computers
The project is a mobile computing center (PVP) or an object "Platform"
Back in 1960, a series of mobile computers was developed and created for the army and front-line units, code-named "Beta", but work has not begun.
mobile computing complex Beta-3M
In 1962, the mobile computer needed for the army was neither in the Ministry of Defense, nor in the USSR. The General Staff issued the Directive as soon as possible (for a year) "... to design, order production, debug and put into combat operation the mobile Military Center, the basis was to take one of the computers produced by the USSR and simply adapt it to specific operating conditions. It is also necessary was "... to develop, program and debug a set of tasks for use in conducting command-and-control exercises (command and staff exercises) on a front (district) scale, with the participation of troops and military equipment, for command and staff games of staffs, military academies and other educational demonstration events. "
The developers focused on the American Mobidic project (although even then in the USSR a mobile, highly specialized computer “Kurs-1” was developed for processing information from radar nodes, but it was all secret).
Here are some requirements for such a “Platform”: ensuring the necessary performance, reliability of work after moving on dirt roads, 100 hours of work in non-stop conditions, climatic conditions were set at a temperature of -30 to + 40 ° С.
At the first stage, a suitable second-generation universal domestic computer based on semiconductor elements was chosen, due to which the dimensions and power consumption of the computer decreased, while such indicators as speed and RAM increased.
The “Hrazdan-2” computer was selected (manufactured in Yerevan, YernIIIMM factory). We started to modernize the machine. In order to ensure its operation in “field” conditions, for operation in the troops and to make it mobile, it was necessary to increase its reliability, to constructively construct a computer for placing equipment in a limited space, while ensuring its safety and operability during movement protected from climatic conditions. exposure. To all this, it was necessary to choose the entire infrastructure of the mobile CC.
"Handed out"
This included a thermally insulated all-metal van semi-trailer of type 828 for equipment, a truck tractor of the ZIL-157 type, a powerful air conditioner, a mobile diesel power station with a capacity of 30 kW in a mobile version, with a fuel consumption of 8 l / h and a fuel tank capacity of 100 liters, connected radio and telegraph equipment.
A mobile data center was created, two Hrazdan-2 computers were installed in one body, and all the data preparation, communications, control and test equipment, various stands, an expanded set of spare parts, cables and other equipment were housed in the back of an army KUNG mounted on the chassis ZIL-157.
Climatic protection to maintain the necessary temperature and humidity in the body was ensured by the following main measures: the body was equipped with an air conditioner with high cold and heat output, computer racks of secondary power supplies were removed, and additional fans were installed in a separate rack with an autonomous ventilation and cooling system. The optimal mode of operation of a computer at a temperature of + 20 to + 30 ° C.
In 1964, the modular Exhibition Center “Platform” was adopted for “supply”. After that, the project was still modernized, the OD of each computer was doubled due to the backup ferrite cube, an additional ROM was installed on the ferrite cores, and it became possible to implement the joint work of two computers.
memory cube on ferrite cores
The integration of two computers in the "Platform" in the hardware, software, informational aspects was carried out for the first time in the USSR. Mobile Exhibition Center "Platform" in 1963 - 1968 was the first and only exhibition center of this type.
The Granit
computer A specialized computer was used for statistical processing of a large number of observation results and was created by order of the Main Artillery Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Defense to increase the effectiveness of artillery fire. In 1957 she was sent to one of the artillery ranges of the Ministry of Defense. Used for shooting artillery guns.
The computer consisted of a computing device accumulating the sum of paired works, a set of devices for preparing punch tape (35 mm wide film), an output punch and a printing device, and the power consumption was 4.5 kVA. Such a computer occupied 30 square meters.
The Klen computer and the Klen-1 and Klen-2 computer complexes
From 1962 to 1968, the Klen computer and the Klen-1 and KVM computers were created at the Scientific and Research Institute of Electronic Engineering (NIEM) Maple-2 ”, they had a distributed system for processing satellite information. The purpose of this development was to automate the processing of telemetric information coming from artificial earth satellites
Single-address parallel action computer "Maple" operated with numbers presented in a format with a comma fixed in front of the highest digit. The numerical data were presented in a 27-bit grid, where 23 bits occupied the digital part, one bit was the sign of the number, three bits were assigned to the control modulo two. The team occupied 33 binary digits, 7 of them for providing the operation code, 16 for the address, and 4 bits for the configuration code of numbers, 3 for the address modification code, 3 bits for modulo control two and three. Computer memory capacity 8192 (8K) 27-bit words. The execution time of short operations, such as addition, transition operations was 4.5 μs, multiplication was performed for 25.5 μs. The command system of the computer "Maple" included 83 teams,
The Klen computer had a traditional device for inputting data from punch cards, 27 bit channels for communication with external subscribers, and a printing device for outputting data.
+5 to +40 degrees Celsius - temperature range for optimal operation of the machine.
Especially for the Klen machine, a pulse-potential system of elements with diode-resistive logic and a maximum operating frequency of 660 kHz was developed. The delay time of the logical elements of the system is 50 ns, the delay time of the elements of the system that were used in serial circuits is 20-30 ns. In the adder and control circuits, special logic elements were used.
Computer RAM was used on VT-7 type ferrite cores with a cycle time of 6.0 μs and a read time of 2.25 μs. As a long-term storage device, a memory on oximeter cores with constant firmware was used, the cycle time of the DZU was 4.5 μs, and the read time was 2.25 μs.
The capacity of the program ROM unit could be from 8192 to 65536 codes, the magnetic random access memory (RAM) of the program, with a capacity of 4096 codes, was used to debug programs before flashing it into the ROM.
In the computer "Maple" there could be four blocks of the RAM of numbers, 8192 numbers in each block. The work of such blocks could be combined.
Klen-1 and Klen-2 electronic computers are modifications of the Klen computer with expanded RAM and ROM with minimal additions to exchange commands with external devices. Both complexes included magnetic tape memory and a developed system of external devices.
Computers differed only in the various configurations of internal memory, tape drives, and input-output devices. External devices “Maple-1” - a device for inputting punch cards VU-700-2, 2 alphanumeric printing devices АЦПУ-128-2. Klen-2 external devices included 4 ATsPU-128-2 printing devices, a PR results puncher, a PL-20-2 ribbon punch.
From the remote sources on the external highways, the Klen-1 EVK received data, they were sorted, compressed, and excluded redundant data. After that, the pre-processed data was transferred to the Klen-2 electronic computer complex, here they were final processed, cataloged, stored and issued at the request of users.
Specialized computers "Diana-1", "Diana-2" .
S.A. Lebedev and the ITM team paid special attention to work related to the country's defense, research and development were carried out on automatic data acquisition from the radar (radar station) and automatic tracking of flying targets. An experiment was conducted on the simultaneous tracking of several real aircraft with an advanced calculation of their trajectory. To enter data in digital form, the computer "Diana-1" was used, and to accompany the targets - "Diana-2". Such an experiment laid the foundation for the development of radar and missile systems on a new information and computing basis.
"Diana-1" - a sequential-action machine with switched software processing, was intended to work as part of guidance systems for fighter aircraft on target. The machine carried out automatic data acquisition from the radar with the selection of the object from noise, converted them into digital form and issued the trajectories of several targets to the screens.
"Diana-2" - a computer with a fixed point, 10 bits, a unicast system of commands, with the number of commands - 14, a command memory of 256, a memory constant, random access memory on magnetostrictive delay lines.
The experience of Burtsev developing Diana-1 and Diana-2 allowed him to create a high-performance computer network, including small computers of radar stations, anti-missile radar, M40 and M-50. It was automated control of all military processes. The main thing was the computer and the combat program implemented in it. Information from radars came asynchronously via duplex radio-relay communication lines (such lines connected objects located at a distance of 100 to 200 km.). To process it, Vsevolod Sergeevich first introduced the developed interrupt system in the M-40 and M-50 and for the first time in the Soviet Union developed a device for receiving and transmitting data using the principle of operation of a powerful multiplex channel.
The Karat family of specialized computers.
In 1976, the unified Karat computers were accepted for supply to the USSR Navy. These were small-sized, reliable computers with high functional parameters. Their creation radically changed the situation in marine instrumentation.
The history of the creation of unified computers "Karat" began back in 1963 at the Kiev Research Institute of Radio Electronics under the leadership of Plotnikov (chief designer of the family of specialized computers "Karat"). In 1963, Plotnikov’s laboratory presented flat micromodules (PMM) as the basic elements for new developments. This was the first serial-fit universal element created in the USSR, which provided the opportunity to create computers and other digital equipment at a new, rather high level.
The thin-walled aluminum case of the flat micromodule was 17.5x9.5x6.3 mm, weighing 2 grams, it was assembled using PMM microelements that were mounted on both sides of the printed circuit board (9x17 mm), pin leads were installed perpendicular to the board with a pitch of 4 mm.
But for the fleet, computers with elements smaller than PMM were needed, therefore, imperfect integrated circuits of domestic production began to be used to build computers. In the laboratory of Plotnikov, work began on the creation of multi-chip integrated circuits. This was a completely new direction in the development of the element base of computer technology.
Varduva Hybrid Large Integrated Circuits (GBIS) - these were the names of the new multi-chip microcircuits. The first model of Karat was a small-sized 24-bit machine at GBIS Varduva. The circuits of the functional units of microcircuits were developed by Soviet scientists, based on the logical circuits of computers (in one case there were 8 bits of the register, 2 bits of the ALU, etc.). This development was many years ahead of the creation of multi-chip circuits abroad (“multi-chips”).
The machine was used in more than 60 types of systems developed by enterprises of four ministries. In simple systems, computers with minimal modifications could be used, and on the largest modern ships with several systems on board, 15 or more “Carat” computers could be found in the maximum version. In 1981, 15 modifications of the Karat family machines were developed, and 5 million teams of software were prepared. To process information from radar systems with phased antenna arrays, the Karat modification was developed with a speed of 2.5 million operations per second. Later, the Karat-KM-E modification was developed on sectional microprocessor large integrated circuits. About 2 thousand cars were produced at factories in the USSR.
Computer "Radon"
In 1964, at the Research Institute of Electronic Mathematical Machines, the development of computers for use in the USSR air defense was completed. It was a pulse-potential with galvanic and transformer connections of a second-generation computer based on transistors P16 and P601.
Research Institute of Electronic Mathematical Machines
The design of the computer was 16 racks, each of the racks had its own power supply and control units, an interconnect panel that included 320 "sheet" sockets (20 contacts each), which were articulated by plugs located at the end cells containing from 4 to 8 elements.
block diagram of a computer "Radon"
Several modifications of the Radon computer were developed, which were distinguished by the capacity of RAM and ROM. It was a two-machine complex with bus organization. The computer was single-address, the capacity of the commands was 24 (2-control), the capacity of the operands was 20 (2 control), the operations were with a fixed point, the number of command codes was 64. Each computer processor had access to its memory, as well as to the memory of the paired computer , which made it possible to work not only in dual-machine mode, but also in dual-processor mode. Two computers were connected to a common exchange line for communication with system control devices. For the initial loading, testing and printing of information for analysis, the periphery of the machine itself was used.
Computer "Radon" occupied an area of 150 square meters. She was reliable and with increased speed.
For the first time in the USSR in a car were realized:
- RAM and ROM using transistors;
- the processor contained two index registers;
- an effective system of built-in hardware control in combination with software to automatically restore the system after exposure to an error in the computer and system;
- Combining the time of operations (conveyor);
- interrupt system and priority switching programs;
- two-processor and two-machine operating modes.
Acacia System
In 1982, the Acacia digital fire control system was developed. The system was created to generate data for firing strategic cruise missiles "Granat" from submarines and submarines, the systems included 2 SCVM "Arka", 2 memory devices, 2 long-term memory devices, 2 data exchange devices, 2 reserve control devices. In order to increase the reliability of the Acacia system, all devices had a reserve, redundancy occurred automatically.
The SC “Arka” (a specialized computing machine) was designed to work with the SC “Ataka” and was used to increase the throughput of the computing system with the “Ataka” SC.
The speed of such a digital computer for operation is as follows: with registers of 500 thousand short operations per second, with register-memory operation, 167 thousand short operations per second. Power consumption 1200 watts. The Arka machine had two exchange devices. Each device consisted of 8 serial channels. One exchange device with parallel multiplex channel. Mean time between failures - 2000 hours.
STsVM "Attack"
specialized digital computing machine "Attack" (MVM-012)
The specialized Ataka computer (MVM-012) was created in 1974 at the NPO Agat. The dimensions of such a machine are 1800x1076x166 mm, the occupied area is 0.65 square meters. SCM “Attack” consisted of two cabinets that were interconnected mechanically and electrically. The machine included a command device, a command interrupt device, an exchange device, an arithmetic device, microprogram control units, 16 general-purpose buffer registers, a 16K word ferrite random access memory device, a hardware control device, a control and control panel, and a power device.
The machine used a binary system for representing numbers with a fixed comma, the number of digits was 32. Work is provided with words of double length (64 digits), with half-words (16 digits) and with eight-digit alphabetic information. The command system was dual-core, the number of operations was 56, of which 16 were arithmetic operations, 7 logical operations, 19 forwarding operations, 6 shift operations, 8 control operations.
It should be noted that in the SCVM it was possible to increase the memory to 256K words with the connection of external memory devices 182-3 - RAM 64K, 183 - 128K DZU (2X64K), 184 - 32K RAM and 64K DZU or any other devices that have electrical and information compatibility with MVM-012.
2 parallel, 2 consecutive exchange channels were provided. The exchange rate on the serial channel was 20 thousand words per second, on the parallel channel - 94 thousand words per second.
The power consumption from the network is 1.5 kW, the power was supplied from a three-phase ship AC network with a voltage of 220 V, frequency 400 Hz. Network fluctuations are allowed: ± 5% for long-term deviations and from + 13% to -25% for short-term voltage deviations, as well as from + 4% to -6% in frequency.
Terms of Use:
- vibration resistance in the frequency range 5–120 Hz with an acceleration of 2g;
- single impact with an acceleration of 1000g;
- vibration resistance in the frequency range 20–120 Hz with an acceleration of 2g;
- cyclic temperature change from +65 to -50 ° С;
- relative humidity 95–98% at a temperature of + 40 ° C;
- cold resistance at an operating temperature of -10 ° C and an extreme temperature of -50 ° C;
- exposure to frost and dew at a temperature of -20 ± 5 ° C;
- heat resistance at an operating temperature of + 50 ° C and an extreme temperature of + 65 ° C;
- exposure to sea fog at a temperature of + 27 ± 2 ° C.
The machine was produced until 1990, 255 ATVS ATVMs were manufactured.
Computer "Harp"
The development of the machine was started in 1979 and was intended to work in various ship control systems, as a real-time control link. The machine was powered by a three-phase ship network 220V, 400 Hz, power consumption was 1.7 kW. For cooling, forced-air and exhaust ventilation with an inlet air temperature of 18 ° C was used. It was a computer with a binary system of representing numbers with fixed and floating point numbers, the speed was 550 thousand short operations per second when accessing operands in RAM, 1100 thousand short operations when accessing register buffers. The number of digits is 32, it was possible to work with words of double length (64 digits), with half-words (16 digits) and with octal alphabetic information.
This machine together with the computer "Arka" and "Attack" a number of software-compatible machines of the third generation TsMNII "Agat". Agat is a pioneer in the development of combat information and control systems for surface ships (Sea, Root) and submarines (Cloud system, Diamond, Omnibus and others), as well as ship firing control systems missile systems, control systems and protection of nuclear power plants.
Computer "Cloud"
computing machine with remote control
Computer "Cloud" - a machine with a binary system for representing numbers with a fixed comma and the number of digits - 25. The numbers were represented by a modified additional code. It was with a single-address system of commands, the capacity of the commands was 20. The speed of the Cloud computer was 62.5 thousand short operations per second. The computer consisted of 4 cabinets that were connected mechanically and electrically. For cooling, a forced-air and exhaust ventilation system with an inlet air temperature of 18 ° C was used.
device that converts analog data to digital and digital to analog
The basis of the machine’s design was a cabinet for electronic equipment of an original design, which allowed it to be loaded onto a submarine through a standard hatch with a diameter of 598 mm. The reliability of the SC “Cloud” was estimated at 650 hours of operation between faults. The cloud computing system consumed about 17 kW of electricity.
A number of Lada 2 computers
In 1986, a Lada-2 computer was developed for surface ships and submarines, it consisted of three on-board universal electronic computers, was built on a modular basis, and such an open system made it possible to connect additional functional devices.
A number of computers were used to build computer systems in a wide variety of systems, to collect and process information in real time, to automatically control various objects, to design automation, to automate complex scientific research, information and reference and training systems.
The cars of the series had from two to four modifications. The Lada 2 computer - 2 modifications, the Lada 2Yu-3 computer, 3 modifications, the Lada 2M computer - 4 modifications. They differed in the composition of the devices, the cooling method, and the design.
The main parameters of the Lada 2 computer: the bit depth of fixed-point numbers is -1, 8, 16, with a floating point - 32 (4 hardware commands), speed -1200 operations per second. Memory: address space 256 KB, RAM - 256, ROM - 32, dimensions of the first modification of the series - 703 * 450 * 276 mm, second 480 * 350 * 212 mm, power consumption - 330 watts.
Lada 2 computers with architectural and software compatibility with commercial computers of the SM series of computers (SM4, SM1420, Electronics 100, Electronics 79, Electronics 60, DVK, SM1600) widely used in the USSR provided the user with the opportunity to use the work of a rich application software for a number of SM computers.
The main devices of the Lada 2 computer ( NPO Agat. The Lada 2 computer. KA3.031110. Technical description. 1986 ):
- a central processor (CPU), consisting of modules of the operational unit OB (OB1, OB2), the BOI information exchange unit (BOI1, B0I2), the memory manager of the DP;
- random access memory, consisting of RAM memory modules (RAM-64) and the RAM module of RAM;
- permanent memory for storing diagnostic tests, consisting of a ROM drive module (ROM-16) and a ROM ROM control module;
- controller modules for communication with peripheral devices: an I / O I / O controller that communicates with a 15IE-00-013 display with an IRPS interface, flexible drives "Electronics GMD 7012", an alphanumeric ADCP printing device with an IRPR interface;
- programmable software port for connecting devices with a non-standard interface, including for connecting several computers;
- AOS shared bus adapter, providing a computer output to the common computer bus;
- controller of communication with peripheral devices "Unity" KE (KE1 and KE2);
- a block matching the computer output to the external MPI trunk;
- a control panel for a PU machine, consisting of an electronic PU module and a PU panel;
- UEP power supply device, consisting of a control unit of the VBU, a power supply filter of the VFP, power supply stabilizers VPN 5/24.
case version of the computer "Lada 2"
In 1988, the "Lada 2U" was created, in 1990 - "Lada 2M".
Serial production was established, in total 65 such copies of various modifications were produced.
In our time, there are practically no official materials, since after a certain time they were destroyed due to the secrecy in force in the USSR, especially in those things that in any way related to military affairs and developments in it.