stasus May 4, 2018 at 11:40

Quantum Computing: Reference

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Do you like cheat sheets? We adore and therefore today publish an article that collects all the most important information about quantum computing. We collected it from five articles on the topic that came out before that. But the most important thing is only a cheat sheet, not a quick-guide for beginners. Beginners are advised to study all the articles as a whole, links are on the list under the cut!

Articles from the cycle:

Quantum Computing and Q # for Beginners
Introduction to Quantum Computing
Quantum Circuits and Gates - Introductory Course
The basics of quantum computing: pure and mixed states
Q # quantum teleportation
Quantum Computing: Reference

Here you can find information about the main states, gates and matrices, useful mathematical formulas and other information that has already appeared in the publications of this series.

Flea Orb
Basic quantum states
Gates, dies and operations
Useful Relationships and Equations

Flea Orb

Any unitary transformation of the vector | ψ〉 can be visualized as a simple displacement of a point (marked as | ψ〉) along the Bloch sphere *. Unfortunately, this visual representation is only suitable for single-qubit states: no generalization has yet been invented for multi-qubit systems. The Bloch sphere is sometimes called the unit sphere.

* Pure states correspond to points on the surface of a sphere; mixed states correspond to points inside a sphere. A detailed explanation is given in our publication Fundamentals of Quantum Computing: Pure and Mixed States .

Basic quantum states

One-qubit states of the

Bell State (EPR pair) are the simplest examples of entangled systems consisting of two qubits:

GHC (Greenberger – Horn – Zeilinger) states in the general form (for n qubits) and in the simplest form (for three qubits):

Gates, dies and operations

The following is a summary of the most important valves presented in our previous publication on valves and circuits . We added information about the operations for all one- and two-qubit gates (if there are three or more operations, the formulas become too long). In the expressions for controlled gates, the identity matrix (II) is highlighted in red, the matrix of the original gate is highlighted in blue, as in one of the previous publications .

Names	View in Q #	Basic operations
Pauli Gate X, X, NOT, Bit Switch,	X (qubit: Qubit)
Pauli valve Y, Y,	Y (qubit: Qubit)
Pauli valve Z, Z, phase switching,	Z (qubit: Qubit)
Hadamard Valve, H	H (qubit: Qubit)
Phase shift	R1 (theta: Double, qubit: Qubit) More generally, R (pauli: Pauli, theta: Double, qubit: Qubit)
Phase shift,, S	S (qubit: Qubit)
, T	T (qubit: Qubit)
Swap	SWAP (qubit1: Qubit, qubit2: Qubit)
CNOT	CNOT (control: Qubit, target: Qubit) or (Controlled X) ([control], (target));
CCNOT, Toffoli valve	CCNOT (control1: Qubit, control2: Qubit, target: Qubit) or (Controlled X) ([control1; control2], target);	-
CSWAP, Fredkin valve	(Controlled SWAP) ([control], (target));	-

Useful Relationships and Equations

Matrices Pauli

The Pauli matrices are inverse to themselves:

Density operator

The density operator can be defined as

Here:

- the probability that the system is in a state at the initial moment of time .
The element corresponds to the result of the external product of the vector by itself (such a transformation is also called the projection operator).
n is the total number of possible states of the system (in our example there are 3 of them).
as expected (the sum of the probabilities of all possible states is 1).