On non-cash money and banks (part one)

    Today in Russia there is a completely normal system of cashless payments. Of course, the concept of "non-cash" has many synonyms, like "for the bank," etc., but all this is the same thing.

    In the first part of the article I’ll talk a little about the essence of money (what if someone finds out something new?) And try to talk about bank accounts, payments and more. In the second part we will talk about specific types of documents and what they mean.



    0. The essence of money


    All this introductory part is devoted to an explanation of what money is in our society. You can skip it if you suddenly do not want to read.

    In my pocket lies a bill of 10 rubles. We are used to thinking that Bank of Russia bank tickets are money. In fact, this is a bit wrong.

    Previously, the coins themselves were made of precious metals, so there was no such “separation” of value as it is today. Judge for yourself - the bill is worth exactly the money that was spent on its production, i.e. can cost much less than its face value.

    Now the practice of making money from precious metals is no longer applied, since the Central Bank of any country issues tickets, i.e. banknotes and coins. Of course, silver and gold coins are issued, but this is done only to indulge numismatists :)

    Banknotes or coins denote a debt assumed by a bank (in our case, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation). Of course, in the history of money there are a lot of examples of real gold supply of gold, relatively speaking, the bank was always ready at the request of the client to provide him with the amount of gold that corresponded to the face value of the banknote. True, today the rule of securing gold obligations has already become a thing of the past.

    1. Banks


    It is clear that for a long time, the storage of a large amount of money turned into a problem. Well, then thieves, then fire, then something else. Therefore, it became convenient to keep the money in the bank, since he was responsible for the safety of the money.

    However, before the advent of cashless transactions, there was a problem - money from the bank must be withdrawn and transferred. Inconveniently.

    Also, the problem of Russia was that the existence of non-state banks, and even more so, private business, was simply impossible with us until 1990.

    However, since 1990, we have become “all right” with the banking system and a player like the Central Bank (CBR) has appeared.

    If anyone did not know, then the banking system in Russia is two-tier. At the first level, we have the Central Bank, which gives permissions (licenses) to other banks to carry out any specific operations. At the second level there are such monsters as Sberbank of Russia (the Central Bank owns most of it), VTB (most of it is owned by the Government of the Russian Federation) and other commercial banks that already work with the population and legal entities.

    The Central Bank does not work with individuals and legal entities! Only with banks.


    So, returning to our starting point, it should be mentioned that before the appearance of the Central Bank, transfers between banks were complicated, even if they would have been possible. Today, the work process of any commercial bank looks like this: it has a correspondent account with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, from which the bank transfers to another bank's correspondent account with the Central Bank of the Russian Federation. And money can easily (or rather, quickly) run between different organizations, even if they are served in different banks.
    Correspondent accounts, of course, can be of different types - nostro, loro, vostro). Again, I will not go into deep detail.

    But! It should be understood that real money for banks looks like an obligation of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation to them. That is, when the payment is made, real money does not move anywhere. Awareness of this fact will be needed in the future.

    If you want to open your own bank, then it’s true, why not? Frankly, there is only one small bummer - the minimum authorized capital for opening a bank is 5 million euros. Unfortunately. But on the other hand, if you look at the possible volume of customer transactions, this amount will seem simply ridiculous.


    2. Accounts


    The sponsor of the chapter is the Civil Code of the Russian Federation :)

    2.1. Account appearance order


    So, what our banks are doing, we already realized - they work through their correspondent account. But what about the rest of the accounts, if I have a savings book, is that also an account?

    Remember that the first point of contact between the bank and the client is the contract. It is in the contract that the set and list of services that the bank provides you is indicated, how much are the very services and in what order they are provided.

    In fact, you should not think that banks are very free in their decisions. Since the Central Bank of the Russian Federation is quick to punish and severely severe, it sets certain requirements that are mandatory for all banks. And they can bring these requirements to the point of absurdity (like Sberbank of Russia) or not. But for their observance, the CBR will be vigilant regardless of the size of the bank.


    So, then comes the following situation. In general, within the framework of one bank agreement with a client, a tuyeva heach of accounts can be opened for each situation. However, depending on the person, as well as the essence of the relationship with the bank, the types of accounts may vary.

    Under the Civil Code, there are two types of accounts. So far this is the only centralized explanation of what the accounts may be - there is a bank deposit and a bank account.
    The difference between them is simple - the deposit is intended for storage, and not in order to pay anywhere from this account. A bank account involves any kind of transaction, that is, payments somewhere.

    I repeat once again that in legal language a payment from a bank account is an assignment of a claim. You, having put 100 rubles in the current account as an individual entrepreneur, have received the right to demand 100 rubles back from the bank. However, when paying by “bank transfer”, you transfer this right of claim to another person.


    The bank can maintain an account in any currency convenient for the client, as well as in the currency with which the bank works. These are mainly rubles, dollars and euros. Accounts in other currencies may simply not be kept by the bank.

    2.2. Types of accounts


    Of course, there are a large number of subspecies to accounts, for example, an account (in the case of a bank deposit) can be called a “personal account”. And the account from which a bank writes off money on a loan is often called a “loan account”. If you try to classify such names, you can tell for a very long time and really not say anything, so for details - in the comment :)

    Oh yes, I almost forgot. The opening of a bank deposit may or may not be accompanied by the issuance of a savings book. If the absence of a bank deposit agreement is not separately specified, it must be issued.

    And finally, there may be metal accounts (namely deposits). There everything is taken into account in grams of precious metals, and also from such accounts an individual cannot pay anywhere.

    3. Money Management


    Sponsor of the chapter - Central Bank of the Russian Federation

    3.1. Bank deposit


    In relation to an individual, everything is quite simple. A man came, showed a savings book, if there is one, and does what he sees fit, that is, replenishes the deposit, pays it wherever he wants, or simply withdraws money.

    If a deposit is opened in favor of a legal entity, then it can either replenish it or withdraw money from it. And nothing more, for everything else there is a regular bank account, not a deposit.

    3.2. Bank account


    There is already more interesting. Both individuals and legal entities can open bank accounts. And they can dispose of them in exactly the same way.

    Operations are performed using the following documents:
    • payment order (in the jargon - “payment”)
      letter of credit
      check
      payment claim for
      collection


      In the next part we will discuss them.

      With love,
      maniaque

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