June 6, 2019 at 12:25Homer or the first ever Opensource. part 1
Homer, with his poems, seems to be something far, archaic, hard to read and naive. But this is not so. We are all imbued with Homer, the ancient Greek culture from which all Europe emerged: our language is full of words and quotes from ancient Greek literature: take at least such expressions as “homeric laughter”, “battle of the gods”, “Achilles heel”, “apple of discord” and our native: the Trojan horse. This is all from Homer. And the influence of the Hellenistic culture, the language of the Hellenes (the Greeks did not know the word "Greece" and did not call themselves that, this ethnonym came to us from the Romans) and there is no need to speak. School, academy, gymnasium, philosophy, physics (metaphysics) and mathematics, technology ... the choir, stage, guitar, mediator - you will not list everything - all these are ancient Greek words. Didn't you know?
...
It is also claimed that the Greeks were the first to invent money in the form of minted coins ... The alphabet, as we know it. The first money was minted from a natural alloy of silver and gold, which they called electr (hello to electronic money). The alphabet with vowels and, therefore, the transmission of all the sounds of the word when writing is undoubtedly a Greek invention, although many consider it to be the ancestors of the enterprising Phoenicians (the Semitic people, who lived mostly in the territory of modern Syria and Israel), which did not have vowels. Interestingly, the Latin alphabet came directly from Greek, as did the Slavic one. But the late alphabets of Western European countries are already derivatives of Latin. In this sense, our Cyrillic alphabet stands in one place with the Latin alphabet ...
And how much Greek is in science, literature? Yamb, trochee, muse, lyre, verses, stanza, Pegasus with Parnassus. The very word "poet", "poetry", finally - all of them are obviously now from where. You will not list all! But the title of my text gives out pathos (the ancient Greek word) of my "discovery". And therefore, I will go directly to the subject, namely: to the assertion that the first opensource appeared far in the past: in ancient Greece and the most striking example of its use is the great Homer, known to all.
Well, the introduction is done, now about everything in order.
Homer .
It is customary to date the poems of the great Homer by the end of the 9th beginning of the 8th century BC, although these texts obviously began to arise immediately after the events described in them, that is, somewhere in the 13th century BC. In other words, they are about 3 thousand years old. Homer is directly credited with “The Iliad” and “Odyssey”, “Homer Anthems” and a number of other works, such as the poems “Margit” and “Batrachomyomychia” (a satirical parody of “Iliad”, which literally translates as “The War of Mice and Frogs” (Machia - fight, strike, mis - mouse.) According to scientists, only the first two works belong to Homer, the rest, like many others, are attributed to him (why I will tell below), according to others, only the Iliad belongs to Homer ... in general disputes continue, but one thing is certain - Homer was definitely and surely the events that he described at the walls of Troy (the second name of the city of Ilion,
How do we know that? At the end of the 19th century, Heinrich Schliemann, a German who made a huge fortune in Russia, realized a dream he had been tormenting since childhood: he found and unearthed Troy on the territory of modern Turkey, literally turning all previous ideas on this issue. It was previously believed that the Trojan events that began with the flight of the beautiful Helena with the Trojan prince Paris (Alexander) to Troy from her husband - the Spartan king Menelaus - are all fictions, myth, literary history, since even for the ancient Greeks the events described in poems were considered deep antiquity. However, not only the walls of Troy were excavated, but the most ancient artifacts of that time were found: gold jewelry, weapons, armor (everything is in the public domain in the Pushkin Museum). And even later, they were already a group of scientists, clay tablets were discovered of the ancient Hittite state - the neighbor of Troy, in which they read the names known to us: Agamemnon, Menelaus, Alexander ... So in an instant the literary characters became historical, because these tablets reflected the diplomatic and tax realities of the Hittite state, powerful at that time. It is interesting, but neither in Troas nor in Hellas (this word did not exist in those days), there was no written language as such. This is precisely what gave impetus to the development of our topic, oddly enough. nor in Hellas (this word did not exist in those days) there was no written language as such. This is precisely what gave impetus to the development of our topic, oddly enough. nor in Hellas (this word did not exist in those days) there was no written language as such. This is precisely what gave impetus to the development of our topic, oddly enough.
So Homer .
Homer was AED - that is, the wandering singer of his songs (AED - singer). Where he was born and how he died is not known for certain. Including because the right to be called the homeland of Homer (as well as the place of his death) in ancient times, at least seven cities fought on both sides of the Aegean: Smyrna, Chios, Pylos, Samos, Athens and others. "Homer" is actually not a proper name, but a nickname. It means from the ancient “hostage”. Presumably, the name given to him at birth was different: Melesigen, which means born by Melesius (gene - genus, give birth), but this is not accurate, since Melesius was the name of the river near the city of Smyrna. He grew up without a father (which father, if Melisius was considered a river, a local river god), was brought up by his stepfather-aed, and later was captured during the next wars between the policies (hence the possible origin of the nickname "hostage"). In ancient times, Homer was called this: the Poet (Poets). C capital letter, which was indicated by the corresponding Greek article. And everyone understood who they were talking about. Poets - means “creator” (as it seems to be true, a poet is a creator of foreign reality!). Another ancient Greek word in our piggy bank.
It is generally accepted that Homer (Omir in Old Russian) was blind and old, but there is no evidence of this. Homer himself did not describe himself in any way in his songs, nor was he described by conditional contemporaries (poet Hesiod, for example). In many ways, this idea is based on a description of the aids in the Odyssey itself: old, blind, gray-haired old men in their late years, and also on the frequent transition of blind old people of that time to wandering singers, since a blind person could hardly work, and the need for earning and self-realization was.
As already mentioned, the Greeks did not have written language at that time, and if we assume that most of the aids were blind or blind, then it was written and it was useless, therefore, aed sang its songs exclusively from memory.
It looked something like this. A wandering old man, alone or with a disciple (and a guide), passed from one city to another, where he was cordially received in his homes by local residents: most often the tsar (basil) himself or a wealthy aristocrat. In the evening, at a regular dinner or at a special event - symposia (symposium - feast, booze), he started to sing his songs and did this until late at night. He sang to the accompaniment of the four-stringed formingo (progenitor of the lyre and late Kifara), he sang about the gods and their lives, about heroes and exploits, about ancient kings and events directly related to the audience, because they all considered themselves to be direct descendants of those mentioned in these the most songs. And there were many such songs. The Iliad and the Odyssey have completely reached us, but it is known that only about the events in Troy there was a whole epic cycle of more,
You may be surprised, reader, but in the Iliad there is no description of the Trojan horse, the poem ends a little earlier than the fall of Ilion. We learn about the horse from the Odyssey and other poems of the Trojan cycle, in particular from the poem Arctin's The Death of Ilion. Everything is very interesting, but it takes us away from the topic, so I only talk about it in passing.
Yes, we call the Iliad a poem, but it was a song (still its chapters continue to be called songs). Aed didn’t read, but sang lingeringly to the sounds of strings from bull’s veins, using an honed bone - a plectrum as a mediator (one more greet from antiquity), and listeners enchanted by measured music, perfectly knowing the general outline of the events described, relished the details.
The Iliad and the Odyssey are very large poems. More than 15 thousand and more than 12 thousand lines, respectively. And so they were sung for many evenings. It was very similar to modern TV shows. Day after day, the pushers gathered in the evenings around the Aed and with bated breath, and in places with tears and laughter they listened to the continuation of the stories sung the day before. The longer and more interesting the series, the longer people remain attached to it. So aids: lived and fed with their listeners, while they listened to their long songs.
Homer. "Odyssey"
Well, here we come smoothly, with preparation, directly to the point. We have the craft of aids, the singers-aids themselves, very long poems, songs and lack of writing. How did these poems reach us from the 13th century BC?
Now. But first, another important detail. It’s not without reason that we say “poems”, because their text was poetic, poetic (a verse is another ancient Greek word meaning “system”)
According to the historian of antiquity, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Igor Evgenievich Surikov: poetry is much better remembered and transmitted from generation to generation. “Try to remember prose, especially a large piece, and poetry - so I can immediately reproduce a number of poems learned back in school,” he told us. And it is true. Each of us remembers at least a few poetic lines (or even poems), and few remember even a complete paragraph taken from prose.
The ancient Greeks did not use rhyme, although they knew it. The basis of poetry was a rhythm in which a certain alternation of long and long syllables formed the poetic sizes: iambic, trochee, dactyl, amphibrach and others (this is an almost complete list of the poetic sizes of modern poetry). The Greeks of these sizes had a great many. They knew the rhyme, but did not use it. But rhythmic diversity gave a variety of styles: trocha, spondae, sapphic verse, Alkee stanza and of course the famous hexameter. My favorite size is a iambic trimester. (joke) Meter - means a measure. One more word to our collection.
The hexameter was a poetic size for hymns (chemos - a prayer to the gods) and epic poems similar to Homer's. You can talk about it for a long time, I’ll only say that many, and much later, including Roman poets wrote with a hexameter, for example Vergil in his “Aeneid” - the imitation poem “Odyssey” in which the main character Aeneas flees from the destroyed Troy in a new homeland - Italy.
Homer. “Iliad” (Gnedich lane)
As I seem to have already said, the Aids themselves began to sing the events of the Trojan War almost immediately upon its completion. So in “Odyssey” the protagonist, the mighty Laertid (Laertes' son, Odysseus) being away from home, hears the Aed song about himself for the tenth year of wandering and, unable to restrain himself, begins to cry, hiding his head under his cloak.
It turns out that the songs appeared almost immediately after the events, in the XIII century BC, Homer sang “Iliad” in the VIII century BC Its canonical text was recorded 200 years later, in the VI century, in Athens, under the tyrant Pisistratus. How did these texts come about and reach us?
And the answer is the following: each subsequent aed modified the literary text (source code) of previous authors, and even completely shifted (“forked”) other people's songs and did it for granted, since this was considered the norm.
Copyright in those days not only did not exist (yes, in those days, it did not exist almost until modern times!), But often “copyright was the opposite” - this is when a little-known author signed his works with a famous name, because he considered it not without reason , thereby ensuring the success of his work.
The “git” for distributing the source code (we remember the lack of written language) was served by both Aed students and their students, who later became singers themselves, as well as periodically held AED competitions at which they could hear each other. For example, it used to be the opinion that once Homer and Hesiod reached the finals of the poetry contest, in which, according to many judges, Hesiod won the first place (oddly enough) (why I omit here).
Each aed performance of his song was not only a performing act, but also a creative one: he always composed his song as if from anew a number of ready-made blocks and phrases - formulas, with a certain amount of improvisation and borrowing, grinding and changing pieces of text code On the fly. Moreover, since the events and persons were well known to the audience, he did this based on a certain “core” and, importantly, on a special poetic dialect - a programming language, as we would say now.
Just imagine how it looks like modern code: variables, formulas, loops, events, conventions and all this in a special language (dialect), different from the spoken language! Following the dialect in poetry was very strict and after centuries, different styles of work (hymns, praises, lyrics, epigrams, meliks) were written in their own special dialects (Ionian, Aeolian, Doric), regardless of where the author was from! Just observing the requirements for the "code"!
So from borrowing from each other, but in the strict framework of the core, formulas and dialect, a canonical text was born. Obviously, Homer himself also borrowed, but unlike the sunken ones (Leta, one of the rivers of the underground kingdom of Hades, threatening oblivion), he did it brilliantly, compiling one of many songs, collecting a whole, bright, imaginative and unsurpassed in form and content variant epic saga. Otherwise, his name also remained unknown and would be replaced by other authors. It was the genius of his “text”, memorized by generations of singers after, that provided Homer with a place in history. It is amazing how beautiful, soft, and its text is shaped! And how he does not let go of the prepared reader. No wonder Homer admired Zhukovsky and Pushkin, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy, but Tolstoy,
I mentioned the Trojan cycle above, which consisted of a series of works reflecting a particular episode of the Trojan War. In part, these were peculiar imitations (“forks”) of the Homeric “Iliad”, written by a hexameter and making up for episodes not reflected in it, like the horse episode mentioned earlier. Almost all of them either did not reach us at all, or only reached in fragments. This is the court of history - apparently, they were much inferior to Homer's verses and were less common.
To summarize .
A certain strict canon (the core of narratives, the language of songs, verse formulas, images), the principle of distribution and, most importantly, openness to constant modifications for others arose as a phenomenon at the dawn of our culture in the form of freely distributed authorial and, at the same time, collective creativity. And this is what we now call opensource.
And this means that a lot of what we consider to be ultramodern can be found and is centuries old, and what we consider to be new may have existed before.
In this regard, I recall the words from the Bible, from the Ecclesiastes:
“There is something that they say:“ look, this is new, ”but this was already in the centuries that were before us. There is no memory of the former; and what will happen will not be remembered by those who will come after ... ”
end of Part 1
School (schola) - entertainment, free time.
The Academy - a grove near Athens, the place of the philosophical school of Plato
Gymnasium (hymnos - naked) - gymnasiums were called gyms for body training. In them, the boys were engaged naked. Hence the root words: gymnastics, gymnast.
Philosophy (phil - to love, sophia - wisdom) is the queen of sciences.
Physics (physics - nature) - the doctrine of the material world, nature
Metaphysics - literally "Out of nature." Aristotle did not know where to classify the divine and called the work so: "Not nature."
Mathematics (mathema - lesson) - lessons
Technics (tehne - craft) in Greece - artists and sculptors, as well as clay jug producers, were technicians, artisans. Hence the "craft of the artist"
The chorus is originally a dance. (hence the choreography). Later, since the dances were performed under the singing of many, the choir is a polyphonic singing.
Scene (skena) - a tent for changing artists. It stood in the center of the amphitheater.
Guitar - from the ancient Greek "kifar", a stringed musical instrument.
===
I would like to thank berez for editing this text.
...
It is also claimed that the Greeks were the first to invent money in the form of minted coins ... The alphabet, as we know it. The first money was minted from a natural alloy of silver and gold, which they called electr (hello to electronic money). The alphabet with vowels and, therefore, the transmission of all the sounds of the word when writing is undoubtedly a Greek invention, although many consider it to be the ancestors of the enterprising Phoenicians (the Semitic people, who lived mostly in the territory of modern Syria and Israel), which did not have vowels. Interestingly, the Latin alphabet came directly from Greek, as did the Slavic one. But the late alphabets of Western European countries are already derivatives of Latin. In this sense, our Cyrillic alphabet stands in one place with the Latin alphabet ...
And how much Greek is in science, literature? Yamb, trochee, muse, lyre, verses, stanza, Pegasus with Parnassus. The very word "poet", "poetry", finally - all of them are obviously now from where. You will not list all! But the title of my text gives out pathos (the ancient Greek word) of my "discovery". And therefore, I will go directly to the subject, namely: to the assertion that the first opensource appeared far in the past: in ancient Greece and the most striking example of its use is the great Homer, known to all.
Well, the introduction is done, now about everything in order.
Homer .
It is customary to date the poems of the great Homer by the end of the 9th beginning of the 8th century BC, although these texts obviously began to arise immediately after the events described in them, that is, somewhere in the 13th century BC. In other words, they are about 3 thousand years old. Homer is directly credited with “The Iliad” and “Odyssey”, “Homer Anthems” and a number of other works, such as the poems “Margit” and “Batrachomyomychia” (a satirical parody of “Iliad”, which literally translates as “The War of Mice and Frogs” (Machia - fight, strike, mis - mouse.) According to scientists, only the first two works belong to Homer, the rest, like many others, are attributed to him (why I will tell below), according to others, only the Iliad belongs to Homer ... in general disputes continue, but one thing is certain - Homer was definitely and surely the events that he described at the walls of Troy (the second name of the city of Ilion,
How do we know that? At the end of the 19th century, Heinrich Schliemann, a German who made a huge fortune in Russia, realized a dream he had been tormenting since childhood: he found and unearthed Troy on the territory of modern Turkey, literally turning all previous ideas on this issue. It was previously believed that the Trojan events that began with the flight of the beautiful Helena with the Trojan prince Paris (Alexander) to Troy from her husband - the Spartan king Menelaus - are all fictions, myth, literary history, since even for the ancient Greeks the events described in poems were considered deep antiquity. However, not only the walls of Troy were excavated, but the most ancient artifacts of that time were found: gold jewelry, weapons, armor (everything is in the public domain in the Pushkin Museum). And even later, they were already a group of scientists, clay tablets were discovered of the ancient Hittite state - the neighbor of Troy, in which they read the names known to us: Agamemnon, Menelaus, Alexander ... So in an instant the literary characters became historical, because these tablets reflected the diplomatic and tax realities of the Hittite state, powerful at that time. It is interesting, but neither in Troas nor in Hellas (this word did not exist in those days), there was no written language as such. This is precisely what gave impetus to the development of our topic, oddly enough. nor in Hellas (this word did not exist in those days) there was no written language as such. This is precisely what gave impetus to the development of our topic, oddly enough. nor in Hellas (this word did not exist in those days) there was no written language as such. This is precisely what gave impetus to the development of our topic, oddly enough.
So Homer .
Homer was AED - that is, the wandering singer of his songs (AED - singer). Where he was born and how he died is not known for certain. Including because the right to be called the homeland of Homer (as well as the place of his death) in ancient times, at least seven cities fought on both sides of the Aegean: Smyrna, Chios, Pylos, Samos, Athens and others. "Homer" is actually not a proper name, but a nickname. It means from the ancient “hostage”. Presumably, the name given to him at birth was different: Melesigen, which means born by Melesius (gene - genus, give birth), but this is not accurate, since Melesius was the name of the river near the city of Smyrna. He grew up without a father (which father, if Melisius was considered a river, a local river god), was brought up by his stepfather-aed, and later was captured during the next wars between the policies (hence the possible origin of the nickname "hostage"). In ancient times, Homer was called this: the Poet (Poets). C capital letter, which was indicated by the corresponding Greek article. And everyone understood who they were talking about. Poets - means “creator” (as it seems to be true, a poet is a creator of foreign reality!). Another ancient Greek word in our piggy bank.
It is generally accepted that Homer (Omir in Old Russian) was blind and old, but there is no evidence of this. Homer himself did not describe himself in any way in his songs, nor was he described by conditional contemporaries (poet Hesiod, for example). In many ways, this idea is based on a description of the aids in the Odyssey itself: old, blind, gray-haired old men in their late years, and also on the frequent transition of blind old people of that time to wandering singers, since a blind person could hardly work, and the need for earning and self-realization was.
As already mentioned, the Greeks did not have written language at that time, and if we assume that most of the aids were blind or blind, then it was written and it was useless, therefore, aed sang its songs exclusively from memory.
It looked something like this. A wandering old man, alone or with a disciple (and a guide), passed from one city to another, where he was cordially received in his homes by local residents: most often the tsar (basil) himself or a wealthy aristocrat. In the evening, at a regular dinner or at a special event - symposia (symposium - feast, booze), he started to sing his songs and did this until late at night. He sang to the accompaniment of the four-stringed formingo (progenitor of the lyre and late Kifara), he sang about the gods and their lives, about heroes and exploits, about ancient kings and events directly related to the audience, because they all considered themselves to be direct descendants of those mentioned in these the most songs. And there were many such songs. The Iliad and the Odyssey have completely reached us, but it is known that only about the events in Troy there was a whole epic cycle of more,
You may be surprised, reader, but in the Iliad there is no description of the Trojan horse, the poem ends a little earlier than the fall of Ilion. We learn about the horse from the Odyssey and other poems of the Trojan cycle, in particular from the poem Arctin's The Death of Ilion. Everything is very interesting, but it takes us away from the topic, so I only talk about it in passing.
Yes, we call the Iliad a poem, but it was a song (still its chapters continue to be called songs). Aed didn’t read, but sang lingeringly to the sounds of strings from bull’s veins, using an honed bone - a plectrum as a mediator (one more greet from antiquity), and listeners enchanted by measured music, perfectly knowing the general outline of the events described, relished the details.
The Iliad and the Odyssey are very large poems. More than 15 thousand and more than 12 thousand lines, respectively. And so they were sung for many evenings. It was very similar to modern TV shows. Day after day, the pushers gathered in the evenings around the Aed and with bated breath, and in places with tears and laughter they listened to the continuation of the stories sung the day before. The longer and more interesting the series, the longer people remain attached to it. So aids: lived and fed with their listeners, while they listened to their long songs.
"A cloud to collector Zeus Kronid, the lord over everyone, burned his hips,
And then the richest sat down ... and enjoyed.
But the divine singer sang under the formation - revered by all people Demodok."
Homer. "Odyssey"
Well, here we come smoothly, with preparation, directly to the point. We have the craft of aids, the singers-aids themselves, very long poems, songs and lack of writing. How did these poems reach us from the 13th century BC?
Now. But first, another important detail. It’s not without reason that we say “poems”, because their text was poetic, poetic (a verse is another ancient Greek word meaning “system”)
According to the historian of antiquity, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences Igor Evgenievich Surikov: poetry is much better remembered and transmitted from generation to generation. “Try to remember prose, especially a large piece, and poetry - so I can immediately reproduce a number of poems learned back in school,” he told us. And it is true. Each of us remembers at least a few poetic lines (or even poems), and few remember even a complete paragraph taken from prose.
The ancient Greeks did not use rhyme, although they knew it. The basis of poetry was a rhythm in which a certain alternation of long and long syllables formed the poetic sizes: iambic, trochee, dactyl, amphibrach and others (this is an almost complete list of the poetic sizes of modern poetry). The Greeks of these sizes had a great many. They knew the rhyme, but did not use it. But rhythmic diversity gave a variety of styles: trocha, spondae, sapphic verse, Alkee stanza and of course the famous hexameter. My favorite size is a iambic trimester. (joke) Meter - means a measure. One more word to our collection.
The hexameter was a poetic size for hymns (chemos - a prayer to the gods) and epic poems similar to Homer's. You can talk about it for a long time, I’ll only say that many, and much later, including Roman poets wrote with a hexameter, for example Vergil in his “Aeneid” - the imitation poem “Odyssey” in which the main character Aeneas flees from the destroyed Troy in a new homeland - Italy.
“He rivers - and it bitterly happened to Pelid: a mighty heart
In the lap of the hero of the hairy between two worried thoughts:
Or, immediately having pulled out a sharp sword from the vagina,
Scatter the oncoming ones and kill the lord Atrid;
Or to humble ferocity by curbing a distressed soul ... „
Homer. “Iliad” (Gnedich lane)
As I seem to have already said, the Aids themselves began to sing the events of the Trojan War almost immediately upon its completion. So in “Odyssey” the protagonist, the mighty Laertid (Laertes' son, Odysseus) being away from home, hears the Aed song about himself for the tenth year of wandering and, unable to restrain himself, begins to cry, hiding his head under his cloak.
It turns out that the songs appeared almost immediately after the events, in the XIII century BC, Homer sang “Iliad” in the VIII century BC Its canonical text was recorded 200 years later, in the VI century, in Athens, under the tyrant Pisistratus. How did these texts come about and reach us?
And the answer is the following: each subsequent aed modified the literary text (source code) of previous authors, and even completely shifted (“forked”) other people's songs and did it for granted, since this was considered the norm.
Copyright in those days not only did not exist (yes, in those days, it did not exist almost until modern times!), But often “copyright was the opposite” - this is when a little-known author signed his works with a famous name, because he considered it not without reason , thereby ensuring the success of his work.
The “git” for distributing the source code (we remember the lack of written language) was served by both Aed students and their students, who later became singers themselves, as well as periodically held AED competitions at which they could hear each other. For example, it used to be the opinion that once Homer and Hesiod reached the finals of the poetry contest, in which, according to many judges, Hesiod won the first place (oddly enough) (why I omit here).
Each aed performance of his song was not only a performing act, but also a creative one: he always composed his song as if from anew a number of ready-made blocks and phrases - formulas, with a certain amount of improvisation and borrowing, grinding and changing pieces of text code On the fly. Moreover, since the events and persons were well known to the audience, he did this based on a certain “core” and, importantly, on a special poetic dialect - a programming language, as we would say now.
Just imagine how it looks like modern code: variables, formulas, loops, events, conventions and all this in a special language (dialect), different from the spoken language! Following the dialect in poetry was very strict and after centuries, different styles of work (hymns, praises, lyrics, epigrams, meliks) were written in their own special dialects (Ionian, Aeolian, Doric), regardless of where the author was from! Just observing the requirements for the "code"!
So from borrowing from each other, but in the strict framework of the core, formulas and dialect, a canonical text was born. Obviously, Homer himself also borrowed, but unlike the sunken ones (Leta, one of the rivers of the underground kingdom of Hades, threatening oblivion), he did it brilliantly, compiling one of many songs, collecting a whole, bright, imaginative and unsurpassed in form and content variant epic saga. Otherwise, his name also remained unknown and would be replaced by other authors. It was the genius of his “text”, memorized by generations of singers after, that provided Homer with a place in history. It is amazing how beautiful, soft, and its text is shaped! And how he does not let go of the prepared reader. No wonder Homer admired Zhukovsky and Pushkin, Dostoevsky and Tolstoy, but Tolstoy,
I mentioned the Trojan cycle above, which consisted of a series of works reflecting a particular episode of the Trojan War. In part, these were peculiar imitations (“forks”) of the Homeric “Iliad”, written by a hexameter and making up for episodes not reflected in it, like the horse episode mentioned earlier. Almost all of them either did not reach us at all, or only reached in fragments. This is the court of history - apparently, they were much inferior to Homer's verses and were less common.
To summarize .
A certain strict canon (the core of narratives, the language of songs, verse formulas, images), the principle of distribution and, most importantly, openness to constant modifications for others arose as a phenomenon at the dawn of our culture in the form of freely distributed authorial and, at the same time, collective creativity. And this is what we now call opensource.
And this means that a lot of what we consider to be ultramodern can be found and is centuries old, and what we consider to be new may have existed before.
In this regard, I recall the words from the Bible, from the Ecclesiastes:
“There is something that they say:“ look, this is new, ”but this was already in the centuries that were before us. There is no memory of the former; and what will happen will not be remembered by those who will come after ... ”
end of Part 1
School (schola) - entertainment, free time.
The Academy - a grove near Athens, the place of the philosophical school of Plato
Gymnasium (hymnos - naked) - gymnasiums were called gyms for body training. In them, the boys were engaged naked. Hence the root words: gymnastics, gymnast.
Philosophy (phil - to love, sophia - wisdom) is the queen of sciences.
Physics (physics - nature) - the doctrine of the material world, nature
Metaphysics - literally "Out of nature." Aristotle did not know where to classify the divine and called the work so: "Not nature."
Mathematics (mathema - lesson) - lessons
Technics (tehne - craft) in Greece - artists and sculptors, as well as clay jug producers, were technicians, artisans. Hence the "craft of the artist"
The chorus is originally a dance. (hence the choreography). Later, since the dances were performed under the singing of many, the choir is a polyphonic singing.
Scene (skena) - a tent for changing artists. It stood in the center of the amphitheater.
Guitar - from the ancient Greek "kifar", a stringed musical instrument.
===
I would like to thank berez for editing this text.