Kill cancer: iridium, human serum albumin and some blue light

One of the most famous Marvel superheroes has always been and will always be Logan, aka Wolverine. And what feature of his body comes to mind first, apart from of course regeneration with the speed of Flush? In a word - adamanty. This rare metal has unique properties, it is almost impossible to destroy it, and recycling takes a lot of forces. This fictional substance has several equivalents in our reality, which also have very specific properties. Among them, the special attention of scientists deserves iridium. This metal can hardly make a super-hero out of the common man, but he knows how to destroy cancer cells (Deadpool would not have refused such a thing). How did scientists come to this conclusion, how effective is iridium in the fight against cancer and what is its future in oncology? Dive into the report of the research group for answers.

Metallurgy

Iridium (Ir) is an extremely hard transition metal from the platinum group. Like fictional adamanty, iridium is very resistant to corrosion, even at a temperature of 2000 ° C. Another similarity of these two metals in their extraterrestrial origin. More precisely, iridium on our planet is very small, therefore, in high concentration it is found in places where meteorites fall.


Iridium (Ir)

Iridium is a fairly young metal in the scientific world, since it was discovered in 1803 by chemist Smithson Tennant. He worked on platinum with a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, which has a very unusual name - aqua regia. And as is clear from the composition of this solution, after its use, you will not become a “drunken master”, like Jackie Chan in the film of the same name, but rather a dead master. For the word “vodka” originally meant plain water, and only after the XIV century did it begin to be used to refer to an alcoholic beverage.

With the help of royal vodka, Mr. Tennant was able to obtain in pure form those impurities that were in platinum, namely osmium and iridium.

As mentioned earlier, iridium is very small - about 3 tons of this metal are mined per year. For comparison, silver mining according to some data exceeds the mark of 27,000 tons per year.

The basis of the study

The basis of the study is photodynamic therapy (PDT), a method of treatment of oncological diseases (and some others also) that is already being practiced. The main characters of this method are photosensitizers and light.

Photosensitizers * - substances that increase the sensitivity to light exposure in biological tissues.

Sensitizers are rather picky, that is, they accumulate only in those tissues that need to be changed for the further procedure of irradiation with light.

When light penetrates into the target tissue, a photochemical reaction occurs - molecular triplet oxygen ( ³ O ₂ ) is converted to singlet. In addition, highly active radicals are formed. Together, this leads to the death of cancer cells.

Scientists cite as an example photofrin and aminolevulinic acid, as the most common photosensitizers in PDT therapy. However, in recent years, more and more attention has been paid to metals with a high luminescence coefficient, since they possess unusual and useful photochemical and photophysical properties. For example, TLD1433 (ruthenium) for PDT for treating the bladder and WST11 (palladium) for treating blood vessels.

Results of the study

So why not use iridium, scientists thought. But first you need a mechanism that allows you to apply this metal. The patient will not take iridium orally, as usual tablets. And here human serum albumin is connected to the work ( CSA), which due to its properties and quantity (about 55% of all blood proteins) is an excellent carrier of various substances (in our case medicinal). Simply put, CSA can be used to deliver anticancer drugs to the desired area of ​​the patient's body, as has been demonstrated in previous studies using osmium, ruthenium and palladium.


Image №1

In the study we are studying, scientists have created a maleimide-functionalized octahedral organo-iridium (III) complex Ir1 ( 1a ) in combination with CSA. This complex (Ir1-CSA was significantly more effective in increasing phosphorescence compared to “pure” Ir1, that is, without CSA.

In the dark, Ir1-CSA is largely non-toxic to normal cells, but it exhibits strong photo-cytotoxicity towards cancer cells and their spheroids (cell formations).

Synthesized Ir1 showed stability for 12 hours in the dark and after 1 hour of irradiation with blue light. It was necessary to check the carbon-carbon bond (C = C). For this, the reaction of the complex of Ir1 and cysteine ​​(Cys) was carried out in a molar ratio of Cys: Ir1 - 2: 1 in [D ₆ ] DMSO / D ₂O at 298 K for 30 minutes. As a result of proton magnetic resonance, scientists found a peak indicator of vinyl protons of maleimide groups at around 6.62 ppm (a millionth part). When cysteine ​​was added, the peaks disappeared, but then they reappeared in the 2.9 ... 3.9 ppm range. Scientists attribute this to cysteine ​​conjugation.

Next, the scientists checked whether free thiol Cys34 from HSA is capable of reacting with C = C. For this, 30 μM (micromoll) Ir1 were incubated with an HSA (0-120 μM) for 1 hour. Next, the resulting reaction products were separated using reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC).

When an HSA of 120 μM was reached, the Ir1 peak disappeared completely (the ratio of HSA: Ir1 = 4: 1). Thus, the content of thiol (SH) was 0.27 ± 0.1 mol SH per 1 mol HSA ( 1 s). Therefore, the concentration of free SH-groups from 120 μM HSA is 32.4 ± 1.2 μM. With this indicator, a reaction occurs with 30 μM Ir1, leading to the appearance of an adduct (direct connection of molecules) Ir1 and HSA in a 1: 1 ratio.

Pure Ir1 did not exhibit strong radiation in an aqueous solution, unlike the Ir1 – HSA complex ( 1d ). The higher the concentration of CSA was, the stronger the phosphorescence of Ir1 itself became ( 1e ).


Image No. 2

In order to remove free thiol groups from HSA, 100 μM of cystine was added to the solution for a day at a temperature of 277 K. The resulting product was combined with Ir1 for 30 minutes. Observations have shown a significant decrease in phosphorescence. In the case of conjugate HSA-Cys34 and Ir1 ( 2a) the situation was opposite, and this suggests that it is the free thiol Cys34 that is the link (more correctly, the binding domain) for Ir1.

Now it was necessary to study in more detail the CSA, having disassembled it into components. Human serum albumin has one chain of 585 amino acid residues, among which scientists needed to find precisely those that enhance the luminescence of Ir1. For this, a luminescent analysis of the interaction of Ir1 with various amino acids ( 2b and 2c ) was carried out . And as we can see on the graph 2b , histidine (His) became the leader among the amino acids with a huge margin, increasing the luminescence of Ir1 37 times.

Having a little understood what works inside the composite components of the Ir1-CSA complex, the scientists turned to practical use, that is, to experiments.

First, 0.4 millimole of Ir1 was diluted in 20 ml of MeOH: H 2 O, 0.4 millimole of HSA was added and stirred for 1 hour. Further, using confocal microscopy, the distribution of Ir1-HSA in living lung cancer cells (A549) was investigated.

After only 30 minutes, the Ir1-CSA was mostly concentrated in the cytoplasm of cancer cells. At 60-120 minutes from the start of incubation, the complex penetrated into the nucleus of cancer cells.


Image # 3: Confocal microscopy of lung cancer cells A549.

However, it is worth noting that not the whole complex penetrated into the nucleus of cancer cells, but only Ir1. An immunofluorescence test showed that CSA is simply absent in the nuclei of cells affected by Ir1.


Image No. 4: immunofluorescent analysis of the presence of CSA in lung cancer cells.

But the CSA does not disappear without a trace, it simply remains in the cytoplasm and in the membrane of the nucleus of the cancer cell. It turns out that the CSA fully performs its function: it delivered Ir to the cell nucleus, while he himself remained outside.


Image No. 5: quantum yield and lifetime of phosphorescence of Ir1 and the Ir1-CSA complex.

Scientists also checked the quantum yield (exaggerated, force) and the lifetime of the phosphorescence of Ir1 (by itself) and the Ir1-CSA complex.

The quantum yield of Ir1 was very small (only 0.001), and the lifetime at 298 K was 182.7 nanoseconds ( 5a ). But the Ir1-CSA quantum yield was already 0.036, and the lifetime was 871.8 ns. Such a duration of phosphorescence is excellent for the generation of singlet oxygen ( ¹ O ₂ ).

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy using 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine as a spin trap helped to detect the generation of 1O2 in pure Ir1 and in the Ir1-HSA complex at irradiation at 465 nm for 20 minutes ( 5b ). As expected, the quantum yield of 1O2 for Ir1-CSA was significantly higher (0.83) than for Ir1 (0.06).

It was also necessary to check the extent of the effects of Ir1-CSA and Ir1 on cancer cells and on healthy ones. Three options were used as cancer cells: A549 lung cancer, Hep-G2 hepatoma, and cisplatin-resistant A549R lung cancer. MRC-5 (lungs) and LO2 (liver) were used as healthy cells. The experiment was carried out in two variations of illumination: total darkness throughout the experiment and blue light.

The cells were incubated with Ir1 or Ir1-CSA for 2 hours, washed with sodium perborate and irradiated with blue light for 20 minutes, or left in the dark (second experiment). After that, the cells were restored within 46 hours.

The effect of Ir1 on A549 cells in the dark (89.6 μM) and under illumination (53.3 μM) was virtually absent.


Table of the effects of Ir1 and Ir1-CSA on cancer cells: the greater the number, the less impact (i.e., more cancer cells remain intact).

But the Ir1-CSA showed completely different results. In the dark, the test complex had no effect on the cancer cells, but when illuminated, the degree of its cytotoxicity increased significantly. Similar results, as we can see from the table above, Ir1 and Ir1-HSA were also shown in relation to other cancer cells. At the same time, healthy cells in the dark and under illumination did not affect Ir1 and Ir1-CSA.

Finally, scientists analyzed the reactive oxygen species (ROS) inside the cells after light irradiation. In the dark, as expected, no ROS were detected. But in the cells that were exposed to light irradiation after applying Ir1-CSA, ROS were detected ( 5c).

For more detailed acquaintance with the study I strongly recommend to look into the report of scientists and additional materials to it.

Epilogue According to

this research, scientists did not try to invent a bicycle in the form of the use of rare metals in photodynamic therapy, because it was already done with osmium and palladium. However, no one has yet tried using iridium, which the researchers decided to fix. Their work was not useless, as iridium showed excellent results in the fight against cancer cells of various types, while not affecting healthy ones.

Cancer is one of the most common, taking millions of lives every year. The invention of new methods of dealing with this disease and the improvement of existing ones should and will continue. Of course, we are still far from a total victory over cancer, but scientists all over the world continue their struggle in laboratories, like millions of patients in wards.

Nor should we forget the factors that lead to the occurrence of cancer. Some of them (ecology, bad habits, etc.) are completely capable of eliminating people.



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